個案總覽

Jim Reynolds Jr. founded Loop Capital in 1997 as an investment bank specializing in bond sales for municipalities. Ten years later, with thirteen offices and almost 100 employees, Loop Capital was a national company and had brokered more than $800 billion of underwritings in equity, tax-exempt, and taxable fixed income markets. In the process of building its municipal finance and equity trading businesses, Loop Capital had developed close relationships with a number of government officials, large institutional money managers, and corporate executives. These customers began asking Loop Capital for help with other financial services, leading the firm to build corporate finance, tax-exempt, and taxable fixed-income platforms so it could offer a wider array of investment services. Municipal and corporate finance as well as equity, taxable, and tax-exempt trading were generating positive cash flow. In a field where failures were frequent, Loop Capital was thriving, and Reynolds saw great but untapped potential in the company's future. Over the past several years, Loop Capital had served as financial advisor to several municipalities that wanted to lease or sell public assets such as airports, toll roads, and seaports. Now he confronted several intriguing questions: Should he launch a $700 million infrastructure fund to invest in the types of deals the firm had helped structure? Did it make sense to invest in order to staff, market, and support the start-up of this new fund? If the fund was launched, should Loop Capital commit to the 1% investment likely to be required as the fund's general partner?

Rufus Rivers, managing director and co-head of mezzanine investing at The Carlyle Group, is reviewing two employment offers he recently received. One came from RLJ Equity Partners, a private equity firm headquartered in the metropolitan Washington, D.C., area. The other came via Glocap Search, a New York-based executive search firm specializing in placing top private equity executives in premier venture capital roles. The Glocap recruiter had told Rivers that he had been selected as the leading candidate for a position with an established Boston-area venture capital firm that had several exciting investment prospects. In the next few days, Rivers needs to consider his personal and professional interests and make a decision: Should he go to Washington, go to Boston, or stay put-and on what terms?

The case discusses the operational, strategic, and financial turnaround at Solo Cup, a manufacturer of disposable dining wares. Solo Cup's troubles were compounded by the acquisition of a larger rival, Sweetheart Company, which had its own problems and presented issues of merger integration that management could not solve. David Garfield, a managing director at turnaround consulting firm Alix Partners, must first recognize Solo Cup's core competencies in order to determine the appropriate change in strategic course, strip out the assets that no longer support the operations necessary for that strategy, and monetize them in order to rationalize its balance sheet. This case teaches that a three-pronged approach will invariably produce greater results than any one-dimensional turnaround.

HP sells configure-to-order products. With millions of part combinations going into an order, the challenge is deciding which parts to keep in the portfolio to balance costs with revenues. The case explains how one would approach this problem before product introduction, but focuses on managing the existing portfolio.

Global Connect, a major telecommunications service provider, partners with national cable providers to bundle media and telecom services offered through voice over Internet protocol (VoIP). Global Connect provides the VoIP physical infrastructure that enables cable providers to offer VoIP phone service to their end customers. VoIP cable services are growing at a faster rate than anticipated, leaving Global Connect incapable of meeting contractual agreements with the cable partners and preventing them from capturing substantial VoIP market opportunities. Students are asked to improve the configuration of work at this service organization by identifying the types of waste in the current process. Process improvements use lean tools and their impact is quantified using time and capacity analysis.

This case documents the history and development of philanthropic work in providing quality education by CARE (Cooperation for Advancement Rehabilitation and Education) under the leadership of its chairperson, Seema Aziz. Seema started CARE in 1988 as a small voluntary effort to help the flood victims of the Sheikhupura town, Lahore (Pakistan) and later directed the organization's focus towards providing quality education to underprivileged children. After over a decade of efforts which led to the establishment of 6 CARE owned schools and adoption of 20 schools from the Government of Punjab, Seema was faced with an important decision which would shape the future of CARE. In September 2002, the government of Punjab offered CARE to adopt another 140 government schools. The offer had left Seema at a crossroads as accepting the offer would achieve CARE's mission by accelerating the process of spreading education. However, it would invite challenges associated with managing a rapidly growing organization, providing for additional funds and other organizational resources, and establishing a professional and well motivated Human Resource base to support the expansion decision which would have to be taken within a few months. On the other hand, refusing the government's offer would enable Seema to take CARE through a gradual process of growth ensuring control over policymaking and implementation, minimizing risks related to financial sustainability, building organizational and human resource capacities and above all preparing leadership capabilities necessary for a growing organization. For Seema it was indeed a tough decision. She felt that as she contemplated the offer to prepare CARE to take up the challenge, thousands of children lost hope for basic education and an opportunity to live like the privileged part of the society. While Seema's heart was truly tempted to take up the government's offer, her mind was well aware that she must choose her options wisely.

Southwest Creations Collaborative (SCC) was a non-profit social enterprise dedicated to promoting the employability and financial independence of poor immigrant women in Albuquerque, New Mexico. It sought to accomplish its mission by providing part-time and later full-time sewing and handwork jobs in a contract manufacturing business. SCC also provided many social program activities for employees, including onsite childcare, English lessons, health education, and computer classes. The organization's financial support came from a combination of contract work and grant funding. The two cases stretch through the life of SCC, from its inception in 1994 through the middle of 2008. Case (A) covers the initial formation of the organization in 1994, from the perspective of the founder and executive director, and leads to a decision point regarding a possible relationship with a social venture consulting group in 2005. Case (B) begins where Case (A) ends and concludes with decisions in 2008 about whether or not to expand the business in order to become more economically self-sufficient and less reliant on grants and donations, and whether to increase its impact by marketing its approach to employee social programs to local companies and other organizations.

John Parsons, a senior vice president with Mission Federal Credit Union in San Diego, needed to decide whether to advocate for an initiative from a member of the credit union's board of directors to open a student-run branch in an inner-city region of San Diego. Such a branch would be ground-breaking-the first student-run credit union branch in the country open to the general community-and it would fit with Mission Federal's general philanthropic outlook, would be an example of social entrepreneurship and strategic philanthropy, and would have other advantages. But it would be located in an area far from current members, would take money away from other philanthropic efforts supported by long-term board members and give it to an effort proposed by a new and aggressive board member, in addition to other problems. Furthermore, the branch would become financially profitable only in the long run, if ever. Parsons needed to decide just how much he believed in this project.

Seventh Generation is a leader in the niche market for "green" household cleaning products in the U.S. It enjoys a unique reputation, strong branding, and fast growth. In 2008, while Seventh Generation is looking for ways to expand its customer base, its executive management is approached by Marketside, a subsidiary of Walmart set up to tap into the "green" market. The potential market that Seventh Generation could access through this partnership is enormous. But so is the risk of being associated with a retailer that has been heavily condemned in the past for its poor environmental and social record, and which Jeffrey Hollander, cofounder and chairman of Seventh Generation, has been publicly criticizing for many years. He must weigh the pros and cons of this opportunity, evaluate the risks, and make a decision on whether to accept Marketside's offer.

The CEO of a watchband manufacturer based in Seoul is considering opening a factory in the Kaesong Industrial Complex (KIC), a South Korean manufacturing zone in North Korea. Such an operation is appealing on several counts: The costs of labor are low, capital risk is also low because of South Korean government guarantees, and the KIC, as the largest area of economic cooperation between the two Koreas, could be a step toward a unified peninsula. But there are substantial risks as well, concerning South Korean employees' safety, the treatment of North Korean workers by their government, the human rights situation generally in the North, and the uncertainties of dealing with a volatile regime. Are the potential economic benefits worth the human risks? And should politics and national pride factor into the decision? Two commentaries accompany the case, one from Youssef Nasr, a former senior executive in the HSBC Group, and one from Ian Bremmer, the president of Eurasia Group.

The CEO of a watchband manufacturer based in Seoul is considering opening a factory in the Kaesong Industrial Complex (KIC), a South Korean manufacturing zone in North Korea. Such an operation is appealing on several counts: The costs of labor are low, capital risk is also low because of South Korean government guarantees, and the KIC, as the largest area of economic cooperation between the two Koreas, could be a step toward a unified peninsula. But there are substantial risks as well, concerning South Korean employees' safety, the treatment of North Korean workers by their government, the human rights situation generally in the North, and the uncertainties of dealing with a volatile regime. Are the potential economic benefits worth the human risks? And should politics and national pride factor into the decision? Two experts comment on this fictional case study in products R1010P and R1010Z.

The CEO of a watchband manufacturer based in Seoul is considering opening a factory in the Kaesong Industrial Complex (KIC), a South Korean manufacturing zone in North Korea. Such an operation is appealing on several counts: The costs of labor are low, capital risk is also low because of South Korean government guarantees, and the KIC, as the largest area of economic cooperation between the two Koreas, could be a step toward a unified peninsula. But there are substantial risks as well, concerning South Korean employees' safety, the treatment of North Korean workers by their government, the human rights situation generally in the North, and the uncertainties of dealing with a volatile regime. Are the potential economic benefits worth the human risks? And should politics and national pride factor into the decision? Two commentaries are attached to the case in R1010P and included in R1010Z, one from Youssef Nasr, a former senior executive in the HSBC Group, and one from Ian Bremmer, the president of Eurasia Group.

SELCO India is a Bangalore-based social enterprise that makes solar lighting technology accessible to the economically impoverished people of India. SELCO was founded in 1995 by H. Harish Hande. Since his graduate student days, Harish firmly believed in the potential of solar energy for improving productivity of rural households. This case describes the evolution of SELCO as an organization and the various challenges that Harish and SELCO had to face before they could build a viable business model of providing solar light to the poor. Two critical success factors of SELCO's business model have been its ability to customize its products to address specific needs of the poor and to arrange finance for its customers. To date, SELCO has sold solar lighting to 120,000 rural homes and several other institutions, such as clinics, seminaries, and schools in the Indian state of Karnataka. Employing about 170 people, SELCO services these households from 25 service centers scattered all across rural Karnataka. Although SELCO has been able to establish a sustainable business model that realizes Harish's vision of bringing a low-cost energy solution to the economically impoverished, its challenge today is to create greater impact by scaling its business and creating an organization that sustains its success beyond the tenure of its founding members.

Smart Union Group (Holdings) Limited was engaged in the manufacturing of recreational and educational toys and equipment for OEMs such as Mattel, Hasbro, and Megablocks. The company's manufacturing facilities were located in Guangdong Province, China, while the majority of the company's sales were made in the U.S. and Europe. The company went public in September 2006 with an IPO listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, which netted HK$55 million. From 2003 to 2007, the company's sales revenues increased from HK$479 million to over HK$953 million. The company's rapid growth was financed by issuing equity and obtaining short-term bank loans. In 2007, Smart Union invested in a silver mine in Fujian Province to offset the impact of price increases in commodities used in production, and to expand its operational scope. At the end of 2007, the company's short-term bank debt of HK$240 million needed to be repaid or refinanced.

How to replicate a 'one of' social entrepreneurship effort: To cure blindness, Seva took the Aravind Eye Hospital & scaled it up to 100 hospitals globally.

The Taj Hotels, Palaces, and Resorts introduced a new brand architecture to counter lack of differentiation and confused positioning of its mixed bag of brands. After launching an economy and an upscale brand, it dithered over the launch of its upper upscale and luxury brands. The case illustrates the marketing and organizational challenges of a hybrid brand extension strategy that lies in between a 'house of brands' and a 'branded house'.

Emergia wants to keep its customers happy with its contact center service, but the margins on the help desk contract are dangerously low. Can Miguel Neira, the COO, increase margins while preserving the customer relationship?

Gazelle has pioneered a reCommerce intermediation model: it buys used electronics from consumers and resells them on eBay or to wholesalers. Going forward, its two main strategic challenges are: 1) deciding how much to rely on partnerships with large retailers for growth; 2) deciding whether to continue as a "merchant," i.e., buying and reselling goods (and thereby taking inventory risk), or to transform itself into a "two-sided platform" connecting sellers and buyers without taking inventory risk.

The case was prepared to be used as part of a process review in the first year Technology and Operations Management course at HBS. It offers students an opportunity to discuss the context of a manufacturing process choice, and then examine actual production numbers that resulted from a series of choices. While there isn't a traditional case issue, the discussion should focus on the gap between theoretical process designs and the reality of practical implementations, with the impact of operator variability in pace and the complex intertwining with work scope. The case only meant for one discussion pasture to review the Hayes-Wheelwright product-process matrix, and the impact of variability on line performance. While comparative numbers for the process choices are provided, the hope would be to develop students' intuition around why the numbers change so much.

The most recent recessionary period and credit crisis has precipitated discussions on the importance of stable financial systems. Many national governments are considering enacting stricter regulation on financial markets and bank liquidity. National and international supervisors will implement regulatory adjustments through coordinated efforts or independently in the next few years. There will be major developments in the banking industry within the near future.<br><br>This case provides a structure for discussing past international efforts to coordinate a strengthening of banking systems. The primary focus is the 2010 Basel negotiation to create new and more extensive internationally accepted regulations. Students can be encouraged to debate the basic concept of international rules, as well as possible versions of these rules. A central message is that such negotiations will likely continue indefinitely. China, India and other emerging nations have indicated that they are not prepared to enforce the 2010 Basel III. Furthermore, the process of analyzing banks' financial reports in order to develop evaluations of their position vis-à-vis the rules will likely be a long and complex process.<br><br>With each of the major issues, this case presents the rationales for change and the strengths of Basel III's provisions, as well as the weaknesses of the proposed changes.