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This is the first of a two-case series. The case series explores Smart Telecommunication Inc's innovative approach to serving low-income customers in the Philippines. The case introduces a framework for developing strategies to serve low-income customers in developing countries - the 4A's. This framework is an adaptation of the classic 4P's of marketing that are likely to have been covered early in any marketing course. Case (A) provides an overview of the mobile phone market in the Philippines as of early 2003, as well as demographic and socioeconomic information. According to analysts, the mobile phone market in the country is heading towards saturation due to the fact that the majority of the population is unable to afford mobile services. It is estimated that in a best-case scenario, 35% of the population will be using a mobile phone by 2008. The CEO of Smart, Napoleon L Nazareno asks if it might be profitable to serve the massive but still untapped pool of low-income consumers, or whether his company should focus on pursuing market development opportunities to increase revenues from existing customers.

Jack Emmons, the CEO of Voici Brands, knew his apparel company needed a supply chain overhaul. Over the past couple of years, sales had dropped because of late deliveries, stock-outs, and other supply problems. Meanwhile, a major competitor had significantly reduced its time to market and boosted its bottom line by outsourcing all its product lines to a dazzlingly efficient "supply chain city" in Shanghai. Unfortunately, Jack's company was just too decentralized to use the supply chain city. Each of Voici's five units was like a subsidiary, with its own legacy, management, and suppliers. The unit heads wouldn't sit still for a supply chain consolidation; they had worked too hard to forge vendor relationships. Inspired by a magazine article, Jack decided to appoint a supply chain czar to oversee changes in logistics and procurement. He could hire Ravi Chandry, an aggressive outsider who had centralized supply chain operations for the world's second-largest snack food and beverage company. Or he could promote Tony Rini, a highly capable, trustworthy Voici veteran who had no experience consolidating supply operations but could win hearts and minds. Ravi told Jack that only a Rottweiler could do the job right. Tony lobbied for a more cautious approach: Start with low-hanging fruit, get a few quick wins, then move on to other areas. What kind of leadership will get Voici's units to pull together? Commenting on this fictional case study in R0509A and R0509Z are Shakeel Mozaffar, group vice-president of Global Supply Chain at ICI in London; Robert W. Moffat, Jr., senior vice-president of Integrated Supply Chain at IBM; John D. Blascovich, a vice-president of Chicago-based A.T. Kearney and head of its sourcing practice in North America; and Nick LaHowchic, president and CEO of Limited Logistics Services, an internal service subsidiary of Limited Brands in Columbus, Ohio.

Jack Emmons, the CEO of Voici Brands, knew his apparel company needed a supply chain overhaul. Over the past couple of years, sales had dropped because of late deliveries, stock-outs, and other supply problems. Meanwhile, a major competitor had significantly reduced its time to market and boosted its bottom line by outsourcing all its product lines to a dazzlingly efficient "supply chain city" in Shanghai. Unfortunately, Jack's company was just too decentralized to use the supply chain city. Each of Voici's five units was like a subsidiary, with its own legacy, management, and suppliers. The unit heads wouldn't sit still for a supply chain consolidation; they had worked too hard to forge vendor relationships. Inspired by a magazine article, Jack decided to appoint a supply chain czar to oversee changes in logistics and procurement. He could hire Ravi Chandry, an aggressive outsider who had centralized supply chain operations for the world's second-largest snack food and beverage company. Or he could promote Tony Rini, a highly capable, trustworthy Voici veteran who had no experience consolidating supply operations but could win hearts and minds. Ravi told Jack that only a Rottweiler could do the job right. Tony lobbied for a more cautious approach: Start with low-hanging fruit, get a few quick wins, then move on to other areas. What kind of leadership will get Voici's units to pull together? Commenting on this fictional case study in R0509A and R0509Z are Shakeel Mozaffar, group vice-president of Global Supply Chain at ICI in London; Robert W. Moffat, Jr., senior vice-president of Integrated Supply Chain at IBM; John D. Blascovich, a vice-president of Chicago-based A.T. Kearney and head of its sourcing practice in North America; and Nick LaHowchic, president and CEO of Limited Logistics Services, an internal service subsidiary of Limited Brands in Columbus, Ohio.

Jack Emmons, the CEO of Voici Brands, knew his apparel company needed a supply chain overhaul. Over the past couple of years, sales had dropped because of late deliveries, stock-outs, and other supply problems. Meanwhile, a major competitor had significantly reduced its time to market and boosted its bottom line by outsourcing all its product lines to a dazzlingly efficient "supply chain city" in Shanghai. Unfortunately, Jack's company was just too decentralized to use the supply chain city. Each of Voici's five units was like a subsidiary, with its own legacy, management, and suppliers. The unit heads wouldn't sit still for a supply chain consolidation; they had worked too hard to forge vendor relationships. Inspired by a magazine article, Jack decided to appoint a supply chain czar to oversee changes in logistics and procurement. He could hire Ravi Chandry, an aggressive outsider who had centralized supply chain operations for the world's second-largest snack food and beverage company. Or he could promote Tony Rini, a highly capable, trustworthy Voici veteran who had no experience consolidating supply operations but could win hearts and minds. Ravi told Jack that only a Rottweiler could do the job right. Tony lobbied for a more cautious approach: Start with low-hanging fruit, get a few quick wins, then move on to other areas. What kind of leadership will get Voici's units to pull together? Commenting on this fictional case study in R0509A and R0509Z are Shakeel Mozaffar, group vice-president of Global Supply Chain at ICI in London; Robert W. Moffat, Jr., senior vice-president of Integrated Supply Chain at IBM; John D. Blascovich, a vice-president of Chicago-based A.T. Kearney and head of its sourcing practice in North America; and Nick LaHowchic, president and CEO of Limited Logistics Services, an internal service subsidiary of Limited Brands in Columbus, Ohio.

This case illustrates the financial, strategic, and managerial challenges faced by a manufacturer of audio amplifiers and vacuum tubes in the Czech Republic. Eunice Kron became CEO of KR Audio Electronics when her husband, the founder of the company, died unexpectedly. From 1996 until her husband's death in 2002, Eunice Kron had been only marginally involved in the business, writing letters, translating documents and answering phone calls. When her husband died, Eunice decided to manage the company herself, despite the skepticism of suppliers and customers. Eunice solicited payments and orders herself, and traveled to electronics tradeshows to learn about the industry and court potential buyers. KR's engineering team continued its technology innovations and developed new products. In 2002 and 2003, the SARS epidemic, the U.S. involvement in the war in Iraq, and the devaluation of the dollar on the international currency market had an adverse impact on the company's ability to sell its products. As losses mounted, Eunice was not sure how or if she should continue to keep the business afloat. In 2004, Eunice is faced with the decision of whether to hire a young man to help market KR's products at the upcoming audio show in Las Vegas. Ultimately, she must decide how to proceed for the longer-term: should she continue to manage the company herself, try to find a partner, or sell out.

Due to differences in incentive compensation, work experience, and objectives, sales and marketing, in many organizations often clash. At Microsoft Canada, the national sales manager, Home & Entertainment Division and the group product manager for PC marketing are considering investing a recurring $1 million a year - 10 per cent of their combined promotional budget - to produce and maintain a consumer-focused website, "Microsoft Home Magazine." This proposed investment comes at a time where sales growth is slowing in the firm's PC business. As a surprising twist for students, this case is unique in the sense that it highlights an example where sales and marketing work together to achieve a common goal.

The founder and chief executive officer of Global Source Healthcare was struggling with how to allocate sales resources among acquiring new accounts, penetrating existing accounts and up-selling existing accounts. Global Source Healthcare provided domestic and international staffing services to healthcare facilities. The company had been operational for a year and growth had been considerably slower than expected. What made this decision especially important was that the healthcare staffing market was experiencing a substantial downturn. Consolidation was occurring in the industry. Given the limited sales and financial resources of the company, this decision was critical to ensure the very survival of Global Source. Other issues that may be raised include understanding the sales strategy in the business and marketing strategy, motivating a sales force in a difficult, limited-resource environment, and understanding the trade-off between the length of the sales cycle and the size of the potential account.

The president of Mcavan Advertising, a full advertising, marketing and design agency, was trying to decide what to do about a long-term client's request. The client, Floos Inc., had referred the president of Ryl Enterprises to Mcavan Advertising and Mcavan began work on the new account. Later, Floos Inc. claimed that Ryl Enterprises was a competitor of Floos and asked Mcavan not to work further with Ryl. Students have to identify and evaluate Mcavan's various options.

An entrepreneur was contemplating leaving his job at Goldman Sachs to start Global Source Healthcare, a healthcare outsourcing company focused on international nurse recruitment. He had researched the healthcare staffing market extensively, written a business plan and raised some funding. While this appeared to be an excellent opportunity, there were some very real risks that had to be considered. His greatest concern was the limited amount of funding at his disposal. Since international recruitment required a considerable amount of working capital, the lack of funding brought the long-term feasibility of the business into question. Students will learn about screening the business venture in terms of the entrepreneur, the resources and the opportunity; determining the strategic direction of the company and balancing the long-term vision with short-term cash flow needs; assessing different business models to determine which is the best fit for the company; and the importance of executing the business plan and selected strategy.

Representatives of the technology transfer office are preparing a commercialization strategy of a new peptide. The function of the technology transfer office at the University of Western Ontario is to prospect for suitable technologies for commercialization, to manage the patent protection for such inventions, and to identify ways to develop such inventions. Two licensing opportunities are being considered, both of which entail creation of a startup company. The representatives must evaluate options to determine which offers the best potential for the commercialization of the invention for everyone involved.

In late 2001, the consultancy Bain must decide whether to launch information technology as a practice area within the firm. The senior executives who are Bain's clients have been asking more and more IT-related questions of the firm's partners, who find themselves without good answers. Launching an IT practice, however, will mean acquiring significant amounts of new expertise and incorporating many new partners.

A top-tier venture capital firm has encountered challenging conditions for its recent funds, which have raised "clawback" liabilities. In response, it is charging its investors the difference between the lower budget-based fee that it used and the maximum that the investors might have had to pay. A vice-president of a foundation invested with this firm must decide whether to reinvest in the firm's newest fund.

In 2004, Red Bull found itself at a crossroad, challenged with defending its 70% worldwide market share of the €2.5 billion energy drinks category that it had pioneered. Through a combination of buzz marketing tactics, decentralised distribution and sponsorship of extreme sports and pop culture events, Red Bull had managed to build a certain mystique, which was central to building its appeal among its targeted customers, 18-35-year-olds.

Considers the opportunities and challenges facing Indian film producers in accessing the global film market. Provides a historical context by describing the history of the cinema and the rise of Hollywood to global dominance by the 1920s. Although film industries continued elsewhere, including Great Britain and France, their products had limited international appeal. Discusses the rise of the Indian film industry and the industry structure. Bollywood films, produced in Mumbai (formerly Bombay), are the most well-known genre. They are typically long, melodramatic, and musical. There are also regional language films produced in Chennai, independent films, and "crossover" films, typically incorporating the experience of the Diaspora in Western countries. Bollywood films in particular have sold well in Southeast Asia and among the Indian Diaspora. Raises the issue whether Indian content films can compete with Hollywood in global markets and to what extent a change in content is necessary for this strategy to work.

Considers whether the management of Procter & Gamble (P&G) Pharmaceuticals should adopt Web-based electronic data capture (EDC) as the default standard for the management of its clinical drug trials. Provides a detailed description of the existing paper-based process for clinical trial management at P&G and asks students to consider whether and to what extent the use of information technology--in the form of Web-based EDC--could improve that process. Highlights tensions surrounding the implementation of new technologies and considered potential barriers to implementation both within the firm and with other firms in the value chain. Finally, considers how a firm should structure relationships with external providers of new, process-related technologies.

Focuses on the portfolio allocation decision of a passive fund manager. Provides a setting to study portfolio theory, including mean-variance analysis, the capital market line, and the efficient frontier.

In 2003, Mike McCready, CEO of Barcelona-based Polyphonic HMI, was preparing to launch an artificial intelligence tool that could create significant value for music businesses. The technology, referred to as Hit Song Science (HSS), analyzed the mathematical characteristics of music and compared them to characteristics of past music hits, making it possible to determine a new song's hit potential. McCready must decide on a target market--record companies, producers, or unsigned artists--and develop a marketing plan that helps overcome the likely resistance against adoption.

As the Montgomery Bus Boycott starts, the young Martin Luther King Jr. faces challenges to his leadership goals, strategic vision, and personal and family safety. Makes extensive use of King's own words and writings and builds a portrait of a young, talented, and ambitious leader about to embark on a risky and new endeavor. Traces the development of King's professional goals, his theological and political education, his young family, and his nascent professional career. Raises questions about the role of fear and uncertainty, support networks, deeply held beliefs, and professional goals in leadership decision making.

Boots Group PLC, one of the best known and respected retail names in the United Kingdom, provided health and beauty products and advice that enhanced personal well-being. The marketing manager at Boots was planning a sales promotion strategy for a line of professional hair care products. The professional hair care line consisted primarily of shampoos, conditioners, and styling products (gels, wax, mousse, etc.) developed in collaboration with United Kingdom's top celebrity hairdressers. The marketing manager's challenge was to select one of three promotional alternatives--get three for the price of two, receive a gift with purchase, or an on-pack coupon--for the Christmas season. The alternative selected would have both immediate effects on costs and sales, but also long-term implications for the brands involved. His primary objective was to drive sales volumes and trade-up consumers from lower value brands, while retaining or building brand equity.

Documents more than 15 years of U.S.-based Cummins, a global leader in diesel and allied technology, and its investment activities in China. Although macro-level indicators seem to suggest the possibility of hitting $1 billion in revenues in China by 2005, several pressing problems put into question Cummins' ability to realize this target. Presents specific situations--related to the respective streamlining and consolidation of several existing joint ventures, distribution and service, and staffing--for which students must develop appropriate action plans. Presents the complexity of managing country-level operations and the role of executive leadership of a country manager.