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redBus has enjoyed tremendous success in the structurally unattractive, fragmented, and non-transparent market for private bus travel bookings by introducing a technology platform to bridge the supply-demand gap in real-time. This technology platform connects the bus operators, travel agents, and bus travelers in a seamless and transparent manner. redBus is considered an industry transformation change agent that has altered the dynamics of the bus travel booking industry by using a disruptive business model to eliminate the pain points of the bus operators and travelers and to provide greater convenience and efficiency. This case examines the evolution of the company's business model and considers redBus's next growth step. Should it expand beyond the Indian market to receptive Western and Asian markets, diversify its portfolio of service offerings to include air travel, hotels, and tour packages, or simply continue to focus on what it does best?

The associate project manager for the Indian branch of SAP Labs, a multinational enterprise that provides software and software-related services, has been meeting with his manager to discuss ways to estimate staff requirements across shifts for the company's provisioning team. The team works three shifts, 24 hours a day, seven days a week and services multiple types of requests in the form of tasks, which have one of seven priorities assigned to them. Service level agreements with customers require that the initial reaction time of the team meet specific requirements, which differ across priorities. Employing service agents involves costs for the organization. The project managers must identify a shift schedule that minimizes the number of staff used in a service setting while meeting the service level agreement expectations.

A privately managed school in Raipur, India, is faced with concerns from parents regarding long commutes face regularly by students. The school has grown from a modest 89 students and 12 faculty members in 1993 to more than 2,700 students. Today, student commutes range from a few steps to several kilometres on school buses of varied capacities. While the transportation manager has been making adjustments to bus routes and capacity at the beginning of each term, the issue has become too large for one person to manage. In response, management decides to hire a consulting firm specializing in supply chain modeling to find a solution that would reduce not only students' travel times but also fuel consumption and greenhouse gases emitted by the buses, thereby reducing the school's carbon footprint.

In spring 2012, Yammer was on track to become a highly successful standalone company. Yammer was a leading Enterprise Social Network (ESN), providing companies a private social network in which employees could collaborate securely and efficiently. However, later that year, Microsoft executives unexpectedly reached out with an offer to acquire Yammer for $1.2 billion and integrate Yammer into the Microsoft Office division. An integration with Microsoft would have a profound effect on Yammer's scalability, software development, and organizational culture. David Sacks, CEO of Yammer, debated the challenges and opportunities related to competition, product, and culture as he thought about the offer on the table.

Supplement to Yammer (A), case 712-494.

Transport Corporation of India was a logistics company that provided multi-modal transport solutions to its customers. Set up in 1958, TCI had grown from a 'one man, one truck, one office' set-up to a company with revenues of $400 million in half a century. TCI's growth had been assisted by the creation of individual divisions that provided specialized services to its clients - Freight, Express, Supply Chain Solutions, Seaways and Global. In 2012, the company renewed it efforts to foster cross-selling across the divisions with the hope that this would increase customer-stickiness and foster growth. However, as the company tried to push the cross-selling agenda across its various divisions, it faced myriad issues. It needed to educate its divisional sales-staff about the services provided by divisions other than their own; to motivate them to cross-sell; and to create intra-division confidence to facilitate cross-selling. While the Joint Managing director, Vineet Agarwal, under the guidance of his father D.P. Agarwal, Vice-Chairman and Managing Director, TCI, and in conjunction with TCI's Executive Committee, had introduced initiatives like training across divisions, competitions on cross-selling, and tracking of cross-selling leads, he was not sure that these were enough. Were there other ways in which TCI could successfully cross-sell? Could they put in place a system that specifically incentivized cross-sales to motivate sales staff? The (A) case focuses on TCI's cross-selling efforts and the strategic decisions before it. Cases (B), (C), and (D) discuss specific situations that demonstrate issues related to the cross-selling initiative.

Supplement to case 113131. Transport Corporation of India was a logistics company that provided multi-modal transport solutions to its customers. Set up in 1958, TCI had grown from a 'one man, one truck, one office' set-up to a company with revenues of $400 million in half a century. TCI's growth had been assisted by the creation of individual divisions that provided specialized services to its clients-Freight, Express, Supply Chain Solutions, Seaways and Global. In 2012, the company renewed it efforts to foster cross-selling across the divisions with the hope that this would increase customer-stickiness and foster growth. However, as the company tried to push the cross-selling agenda across its various divisions, it faced myriad issues. It needed to educate its divisional sales-staff about the services provided by divisions other than their own; to motivate them to cross-sell; and to create intra-division confidence to facilitate cross-selling. While the Joint Managing director, Vineet Agarwal, under the guidance of his father D.P. Agarwal, Vice-Chairman and Managing Director, TCI, and in conjunction with TCI's Executive Committee, had introduced initiatives like training across divisions, competitions on cross-selling, and tracking of cross-selling leads, he was not sure that these were enough. Were there other ways in which TCI could successfully cross-sell? Could they put in place a system that specifically incentivized cross-sales to motivate sales staff? The (A) case focuses on TCI's cross-selling efforts and the strategic decisions before it. Cases (B), (C), and (D) discuss specific situations that demonstrate issues related to the cross-selling initiative.

Transport Corporation of India was a logistics company that provided multi-modal transport solutions to its customers. Set up in 1958, TCI had grown from a 'one man, one truck, one office' set-up to a company with revenues of $400 million in half a century. TCI's growth had been assisted by the creation of individual divisions that provided specialized services to its clients-Freight, Express, Supply Chain Solutions, Seaways and Global. In 2012, the company renewed it efforts to foster cross-selling across the divisions with the hope that this would increase customer-stickiness and foster growth. However, as the company tried to push the cross-selling agenda across its various divisions, it faced myriad issues. It needed to educate its divisional sales-staff about the services provided by divisions other than their own; to motivate them to cross-sell; and to create intra-division confidence to facilitate cross-selling. While the Joint Managing director, Vineet Agarwal, under the guidance of his father D.P. Agarwal, Vice-Chairman and Managing Director, TCI, and in conjunction with TCI's Executive Committee, had introduced initiatives like training across divisions, competitions on cross-selling, and tracking of cross-selling leads, he was not sure that these were enough. Were there other ways in which TCI could successfully cross-sell? Could they put in place a system that specifically incentivized cross-sales to motivate sales staff? The (A) case focuses on TCI's cross-selling efforts and the strategic decisions before it. Cases (B), (C), and (D) discuss specific situations that demonstrate issues related to the cross-selling initiative.

This case describes the strategy adopted by Cisco India to develop the Advanced Services Router 901 ('ASR 901'). It is part of a larger strategy by Cisco headquarters to understand what could be built in the developing markets for the developing markets, as opposed to products conceived with only developed markets as the focus. Within a time frame of a few months, a team forms to develop the ASR 901 completely from scratch - from conception to launch - in Bangalore, India. It then goes on to win several awards, and interestingly, orders begin streaming in from not just the developing economies, as had been expected, but also from top tier customers in the developed markets. ASR 901 is undoubtedly a milestone in Cisco India's indigenous innovation initiatives. Can the lessons learnt while progressing through the several stages of product development be applied to similar new initiatives?

In 2004, Boston's preeminent homeless shelter, Pine Street Inn, faced the prospect of steadily dwindling funds for shelter services over the next few years. This stark reality-combined with persistent frustrations at finding permanent homes for homeless clients-persuaded Pine Street's director and board to regroup, gather data, and rethink Pine Street's organizational strategy. The Harvard Kennedy School has designed two cases that look at this juncture in Pine Street's history-this one, intended for an introductory statistics class and a second case, intended for a strategic management class. Each case is designed to stand on its own. It is also possible to use the cases in sequence-the statistics case followed by the management case. There is some overlap in the content of the two written cases, as the description of Pine Street's history and organizational identity is included in both. This case, designed to introduce the concept of statistical "outliers," consists of two parts: • Five-page written case introduces the Pine Street Inn, provides a brief description of its origins, history, and mission, in the context of a burgeoning homelessness population between its founding in 1969 and 2004, when the case dilemma is set. The key point is to understand the strong historical commitment of Pine Street (1) to turn no one away (making it the place of last resort for many of the "hardest core" homeless in Boston) and (2) to provide a respectful, non-judgmental, and non-conditional welcome to all. • Data from the length of stay study, presented in spreadsheet form. Students are challenged to interpret the length of stay data, in the context of Pine Street's history and organizational identity, and to consider whether it suggests a new path forward. Case number 1988.0

Spreadsheet Supplement for HKS748

In 2004, Boston's preeminent homeless shelter, Pine Street Inn, faced the prospect of steadily dwindling funds for shelter services over the next few years.This stark reality-combined with persistent frustrations at finding permanent homes for homeless clients-persuaded Pine Street's director and board to regroup, gather data, and rethink Pine Street's organizational strategy. The Harvard Kennedy School has designed two cases that look at this juncture in Pine Street's history-this one, intended for a strategic management class, and another case, intended for an introductory statistics class. This case, designed to teach about the important role of organizational culture when changing an organization's mission, begins by introducing Pine Street's history and organizational identity as a place of last resort for many of the "hardest core" homeless in Boston. The case goes on to describe how, in 2004, faced with dwindling funding, Pine Street's director and board decided to commission a study that analyzed how long each incoming homeless client stayed at its shelters over a two-year period. The striking results: a small number of homeless people were "chronic" shelter-stayers, while the vast majority came and went in 10 days or fewer. About 20 per-cent stayed between 10 days and 20 weeks. Over the course of five years, these data, combined with Downie's frustrations at finding housing alternatives for shelter guests, lead Pine Street's director and board chair to propose a controversial new strategy: to shift from an organization that primarily provides the homeless with shelter beds and services to one that primarily provides permanent supportive housing to a subset of the homeless population-the chronically homeless-while providing a smaller pool of shelter beds to short-term stayers and a combination of shelter beds and transitional services to medium-term stayers. The case ends by posing board and staff concerns about the proposal. Case number 1989.0

This brief, non-technical note is aimed at marketing professionals and/or those in training. The note explores the value of search engine optimization (SEO), as well as its key concepts and some of the tactics that can help optimize online search performance. If a brand applies these tactics, customers (and potential customers) using search engines such as Google, Bing, Yahoo and Ask.com will be more likely to find effective information about that brand and its products. Several practical examples are used to highlight these strategies in use, and to illustrate what happens when they are ignored.

In 2011, Maruti Suzuki India Limited (MSIL), India's largest car manufacturer, had three strikes in its new plant in Manesar, India. Although workers wanted recognition of a new union along with improved working conditions, MSIL insisted that workers be represented through the existing union that operated at a nearby plant. Tensions escalated to the point of violence and the matter caught the attention of national media, political parties, national trade unions, and central and state governments. Due to these strikes, MSIL struggled in terms of reputation and market share, and its component suppliers stockpiled inventory. After a series of hectic parleys and stressful episodes, the two parties reached an agreement. However, there were serious doubts as to its longevity and whether Suzuki's Japanese management style was suitable in an Indian context.

This note provides an overview of Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) and addresses the methods used to value companies undergoing an IPO. It begins with a brief introduction to IPOs and the rationale behind going public, followed by an analysis of IPOs from the investor's perspective. Next, the IPO process is outlined and explained, including the underwriter choice, selling procedure, pricing and activities in the aftermarket. Lastly, the note examines the valuation methodology used in the pricing stage of IPOs. This includes the discounted cash flow method, the use of market multiples of comparable firms, as well as other situational considerations when determining the initial price per share range and final offering price.

Yanzhou Coal Mining Company Limited (Yanzhou Coal) is a listed company controlled by Yankuang Group Co., Ltd. (Yankuang Group) which is affiliated to the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC) of Shandong Provincial Government, China. Yanzhou Coal have been listed in Hong Kong, New York and Shanghai respectively. It is mainly engaged in coal, coal chemical industry and power generation. In addition to the connotative development, Yanzhou Coal started to implement a strategy of denotative development after listing and seek coal projects in other cities outside Shandong Province or China. This case mainly introduces the process of Yanzhou Coal's acquisition of Austar Coal Mine, Felix Company, as well as Gloucester Coal Ltd. by exchanging shares, thus achieving listing in Australia.

Yanzhou Coal Mining Company Limited (Yanzhou Coal) is a listed company controlled by Yankuang Group Co., Ltd. (Yankuang Group) which is affiliated to the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC) of Shandong Provincial Government, China. Yanzhou Coal have been listed in Hong Kong, New York and Shanghai respectively. It is mainly engaged in coal, coal chemical industry and power generation. In addition to the connotative development, Yanzhou Coal started to implement a strategy of denotative development after listing and seek coal projects in other cities outside Shandong Province or China. This case mainly introduces the process of Yanzhou Coal's acquisition of Austar Coal Mine, Felix Company, as well as Gloucester Coal Ltd. by exchanging shares, thus achieving listing in Australia.

This case depicts how institutional transitions in an emerging market shape the strategy and performance of a small business and its surrounding competitive dynamics. Elite Optical, a family-run business, was founded in Nanning, Guanxi Province, during China's economic reforms in the late 1980s. Its first eyeglass shop, opened in 1986, received immediate success when the only major competitor at the time was Heng De Li, a traditional state-owned enterprise (SOE). In 2013, the entrepreneurial family firm was celebrating its 28th anniversary, with 15 optical retail outlets in Nanning city. However, the competitive landscape in eyeglass industry has changed significantly and become more intense since the early 2000s when more domestic and international players entered the local eyewear market. Cheng Zhi, CEO and Chairman of Elite Optical, is contemplating how to respond to the competitive threats. At the same time, he also faces challenges on how to cope with the growth demand by transforming its family business into a professionally-managed firm in the near future.

In 2012 several retailers, including Amazon and Walmart, experimented with same-day delivery. Home delivery of pizzas had been a very successful model in the United States and had been copied all over the world. In contrast, home delivery attempts by companies like Kozmo and Urbanfetch had failed; both of these companies went bankrupt. The goal of this case is to build a framework that helps students identify the factors that influence the success or failure of home delivery models.