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Historically, companies have been required to produce financial statements based on country-specific financial reporting standards. As a result, individuals who invest in companies from different countries must contend with financial statements based on different financial "languages." This can be extremely confusing, especially if individuals do not realize these differences exist and account for them. In this article, we explore the different accounting methods used for financial statement reporting around the globe, and analyze the concept of all businesses adopting the same set of rules.

From outside a firm, strategy making usually appears to be a top-down process whereby the CEO and top management make decisions that the rest of the firm must then implement. Sometimes, though, the ideas underlying strategic moves originate with lower level employees. Can employees really shape strategy? That often depends on crafting the content of the sales pitch.

This article examines occurrences of corporate governance failures, and analyzes why such failures occur nationally and gloabally. Also considered is governance reform and suggestions toward that end.

A key decision for entrepreneurs in many retail and service firms is whether, and how much, to use franchising. If the decision is made to franchise, the actor may assume one of two "identities" or tactics: (1) the "chain builder," who uses a blend of company and franchised outlets, and (2) the "turnkey," who sells business opportunities but does not own any outlets. To benefit from their chosen strategy, franchisors must put resources in place to support it. We argue that franchisors use the chain building strategy to strike a balance between standardization and innovation by building resources that foster trust and encourage knowledge sharing with franchisees. In contrast, for turnkeys, a valuable set of operational routines is the critical strategic resource. To better appreciate how franchisors choose between the chain builder and turnkey strategies, we gathered survey information from 263 franchisors. Via this data, and as described herein, we learned that franchisors perform better when they invest in resources that best support their selected strategy.

The traditional department store was clearly the center of retail activity in cities and small towns in the United States during the first half of the 20th century. However, by the late 1970s and beyond, the department store industry began experiencing financial problems, and serious questions were being raised as to whether their demise was eminent. This article traces the evolution of the industry, and explores some of the underlying dynamics for the changes in the retail trade sector, including the emergence of new alternative retail formats, such as discount stores and category killers. This study further explores the major strategies used by the leading traditional stores with reference to new industry life cycle models and a strategic positioning framework. Of particular interest is the discussion regarding: Were the traditional department stores were "locked in" to a declining trajectory? How effective were their strategies to counter the decline of the industry? And what were and are the repositioning options available to the traditional department stores?

Negotiation is an essential skill for personal well-being and professional success, a skill that begins with identifying and acting on one's wants and needs. Many individuals, however, lack the confidence, motivation, or training to simply ask for what they want in certain situations; for example, when negotiating with an important client. Still others are reluctant to initiate requests in general. This article discusses the personal characteristics and situational factors that influence an individual's likelihood of engaging another party in a negotiation, making a request, and optimizing that request. Herein, specific suggestions are offered for managing this critical phase of the negotiation process via three steps: mental preparation prior to the engagement; positioning prior to, and at the point of, the engagement; and verbal craftsmanship during the delivery of one's request.

Business realities demand that organizations place a strategic emphasis on developing knowledge workers and becoming a learning organization. Numerous programs of organizational change and renewal must also be undertaken to keep firms competitive. This requires ongoing training for all employees to succeed in today's global marketplace. While external consultants and professional staff are often called upon to provide this training, many organizations are turning to their own employees as an effective, lower cost alternative. There are several benefits to using this strategy, but significant support must be provided to realize these benefits. Herein, we describe a systematic process to turn novice employee trainers into a powerful force for organizational change. By transforming employees into disciples, organizations can give training the impact it needs.

An operating manager who as an equity stake in Thamesford Logistics is preparing himself for what he believes will be a difficult conversation with Thamesford Logistic's chief financial officer (CFO) on a current project despite the fact that the operating manager has a legal dispute with the CFO on another deal. In the recent past, the operating manager and the CFO were partners trying to package and sell a mining project on behalf of the mine owners. The agreement between the two expired and the CFO continued to push the project ahead, cutting the operating manager out of the proceeds. A disagreement over the ownership of the success fee led to the operating manager's lawsuit against the CFO. Meanwhile, Thamesford Logistics is trying to acquire a rival in Montreal. This pending transaction requires the operating manager and the CFO to cooperate on the deal. The operating manager is thinking about how he should approach a meeting with the CFO, what he should say, what he would not say and what he wanted to achieve by the end.

The general manager, U.K. for Inglewood Instrument Co. (Inglewood) is sitting outside of his company's headquarters in Burnaby, B.C., waiting for a meeting with the founder of the company to clarify his future as the firm's general manager, U.K. The general manager suspects that the founder and the vice-president Business Development, are actively trying to find a replacement for the general manager, U.K. position. As the general manager is barely one year into a two year contract, he feels shortchanged by the fact that the opportunity, which he uncovered, is being taken away from him. He knows that he needs to strike the correct balance between fact-gathering and advocacy. He needs to uncover what the founder has in mind for his career at Inglewood. The general manager wonders how he should prioritize his issues and how he should approach the conversation.

In 2009, Hyflux Ltd (Hyflux) was one of Asia's leading environmental water treatment companies with operations in Singapore, China, the Middle East, North Africa and India. Specialising in membrane technologies, Hyflux provided integrated solutions for municipal water treatment as well as for industrial manufacturing processes, including the recycling of spent oils and solvents. Started in 1989 by Singapore-based entrepreneur Olivia Lum, Hyflux was an early mover into China's nascent industrial water treatment market in 1993, servicing numerous manufacturing plants there. In 1998, to widen Hyflux's market base and accelerate growth, Lum moved into the municipal water treatment market in Singapore. With this, Hyflux sales revenue jumped from $17.7 million in 2000 (nine months) to $554 million in 2008 and despite the 2008 global recession during which its municipal business remained strong, the company was able to secure large-scale high value projects in North Africa. As a newcomer, Hyflux leveraged on its innovative water treatment technologies and entrepreneurial drive to grow the business. However by 2009, as a player in the global water treatment business, Hyflux had to prove that it could execute greenfield municipal projects in a far-flung continent and compete with other global water treatment companies in these new markets. To respond to these challenges, Hyflux had to rapidly grow its human capital and organisational capabilities to match the firm's aggressive market penetration strategies.

A professor is considering buying a new car and is evaluating two models, one with air conditioning and a comfort package, the other with no extras. The two cars are relatively close in price but still above his initial budget, and he is wondering how much he might be able to negotiate the price. A factor that complicates the matter is that the car with the comfort package has a lower interest rate. The professor therefore needs to understand what the net present value of the difference in the two payment plans is.

This case explores company strategy, business-government relations, and collective action challenges associated with international and domestic lobbying regarding regulation of the chemical industry. In the fall of 2006, a five-year legislative process for a major new law regulating chemicals in the European Union appeared to be nearing its conclusion. REACH, the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals, would create a new European Chemicals Agency, require companies to submit testing data on existing and new compounds, and restrict the manufacture of hazardous substances. Andrew Liveris, CEO of the Dow Chemical Company, has to decide whether the company should engage in direct discussions with the European Parliament and Commission, with the implication that the company can influence the regulations but also would have to support the final outcome. The case summarizes Dow's history, competitive dynamics in the sector, and regulation of the chemical industry before describing the REACH legislative process and various approaches to lobbying used by chemical companies, trade groups, and environmental NGOs.

This case examines fair value accounting under lAS 41 for a European-listed agricultural firm. Students identify the firm's core operations, distinguishing the IFRS treatment for three distinct assets: land; agricultural assets that reside on the land; and inventory harvested from the land. They also analyze key reporting decisions relating to the agricultural assets, which create frictions such that market value and book value do not converge despite the application of fair value for the majority of the firm's assets. The case also highlights how fair value accounting affects key valuation inputs such as earnings, and the implications for abnormal-earnings based valuation.

This case presents the management challenge of a high-growth manufacturing company based in India that is contemplating a major international acquisition. It is a decision that will invoke both geographic and product diversification. Students have to grapple with the trade-offs of an exciting growth opportunity that can stretch the company to new heights against significant risks and challenges that such an acquisition would entail. The case also provides an excellent context for studying the evolution of international strategy in a firm, as it presents Havells from an entrepreneurial startup trading company to a successful manufacturing firm and going on to become a global company. The case will fit well in a strategic manufacturing class, either on the topic of diversification strategy or international strategy. The decision is reasonably complex and allows the instructor to take the class through an in-depth analysis. Given the short length of the case, it can be used effectively in executive education class. The case can serve very well as a final examination case in a strategic management course.

Established in 1908, General Motors ("GM") is a leading global automobile manufacturer. Though the company has maintained its global presence since 1931 and offers a vast range of brands, it is now considered a fading automotive manufacturing leader. GM witnessed a financial crisis in 1992 and successfully attempted to resuscitate its sales and earnings by implementing a revival plan. The success lasted for a decade, but the company observed fierce competition and declining global market share during this period. The company has since reported another loss in 2006. Dwindling sales figures, increasing competition and hefty staff costs are considered to be the key hurdles to GM's success. Furthermore, the introduction of a new pension accounting standard, the Statement of Financial Accounting Standards ("SFAS") No. 158, is expected to further deteriorate the financial performance of GM by recommending full recognition of pension surplus or deficit on the company's balance sheets. The management of GM is focusing on strategies to effectively manage the risks and returns of the pension schemes so that the new pension accounting standard does not adversely affect GM's financial performance.

Students must determine the price (rate) and quantity (efficiency) variance for materials and labor used in manufacturing a new product, along with delivery variances. Does the company product manager's decision to change materials appear to be a good one? This start-up company grew from a cottage industry to a manufacturing company.

In mid-February 2009, amid the global financial crisis, the news was grim. The U.S. economy had been in recession since December 2007. If the downturn lasted into early spring, it would become America's longest postwar recession. The economy had shed 3.5 million jobs over the previous 12 months, the worst 12-month period on record. Bank lending was plummeting; the few banks with funds available were holding onto them. With this massive shift into liquid assets (cash and cash equivalents) and away from lending of any sort (even for productive uses or, in many cases, the working capital firms needed to survive), the economy would likely grind to a halt. On this brisk mid-February day in Washington, Timothy Geithner and Ben Bernanke rolled up their sleeves and reevaluated their plans to address the nearly impossible task of righting the ship. In terms of monetary and fiscal policy, were they doing all they could to halt this epic slide? Were they doing too much?

The account manager at the Canadian Commercial Bank (CCB) in Barron, Ontario, reviewed his latest loan request. The co-founder of Druthers Forming Limited (Druthers), a long-time CCB customer, was requesting a $350,000 loan to construct a new building to house Druthers' existing operations. Construction was already well underway. The account manager also noted that Druthers was currently operating without a line of credit and he wondered whether the business could generate enough cash to cover expenses, including the new loan payments. He had one week to decide whether to lend funds and provide supporting rationale for his decision. To aid in his decision, the account manager began by assessing financial performance using statements of cash flows and ratio analysis; financial statement projection; and consideration of working capital requirements, including performing a sensitivity analysis on the days of accounts receivable, inventory and/or accounts payable.