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In 1978, Deng Xiaoping assumed the leadership of an impoverished China, after Mao Zedong's disastrous Cultural Revolution. During the next 17 years, Deng applied pragmatic policies to liberalize the Chinese economy gradually while maintaining the power of the Communist state. In hindsight, this strategy was among the most successful development strategies ever. Reviews Chinese political history and explores in detail eight parts of Deng's development strategy. Concludes by looking at the problems facing Jiang Zemin in 1997 as he takes control of China for the next leg of economic development.

Pitney Bowes, the world's dominant maker of equipment used in generating and handling mail, is facing flattening growth in its core businesses and needs to create new growth products and businesses. Describes how a group of employees use state-of-the-art techniques for understanding customers' needs to conceive and develop a postage meter for small businesses. Also describes the challenges the team faced in forging an appropriate disruptive channel to this market.

Events in the history of Cheung Kong's growth reveal how Li Ka-Shing applied his skills as a "first-class noticer" to complex political and socioeconomic environments. While Li's determination to succeed is legendary, so are his skills in reading and responding to the policies and norms of the People's Republic of China, British colonial Hong Kong, and the post-World War II international system. Since Li became the taipan of Hutchison Whampoa in the late 1970s, he has adjusted his ownership shares in a vast portfolio of businesses-including ports, energy, real estate, retail, telecommunications, and new media. Illustrates how Li applied his business acumen and his ability as a first-class noticer to decisions about raising or lowering his stake in these businesses, and whether to acquire new ones. After starting Cheung Kong Inc. in 1950, at age 21, Li built upon his knowledge and contacts in the plastics industry to become Hong Kong's King of Plastic Flowers. In the 1960s, amid political turmoil and labor unrest on both the mainland and in colonial Hong Kong, Li purchased rights to properties on Hong Kong island that were selling at distressed rates. Li's successes in industry and real estate continued, and he cultivated contacts and built a strong reputation that set the stage for his purchase of the hong Hutchinson Whampoa, thereby becoming the first Chinese taipan. As taipan, Li reorganized and reallocated his various financial holdings in the 1980s and 1990s as conditions were in flux due to the Westernization of China after Deng Xiaoping succeeded Mao Zedong, and amid concerns about the transfer of Hong Kong from Britain back to China in 1997.

This note outlines portfolio returns and variance calculations for a portfolio of two risky assets. Particular attention is given to developing understanding of the diversification benefit and emphasizing the often misunderstood point that there are diversification benefits even if the returns to the two stocks are positively correlated. The note is designed to be used as a reading to supplement a class where the students implement the equations with real data.

Using servers located in the United States, Google began offering a Chinese-language version of Google.com in 2000. The site, however, was frequently unavailable or slow because of censoring by the Chinese government. After extensive debate within the company, Google decided to offer a modified version of their site, Google.cn, using servers in China. Explores how Google and various foreign Internet companies entering the Chinese market responded to Internet censorship. Companies offering Internet services had to pledge not to circulate information that "damages the honor or interests of the state" or "disturbs the public order or destroys public stability." Google.cn did not include features that allowed users to provide content--it offered neither e-mail nor the ability to create blogs--since user-generated material could be seized by the Chinese government, putting individuals in jeopardy of being arrested. Google planned to exercise self-censorship, conform to Chinese laws, and be thoughtful about the services it provided. Along with other Internet companies, however, Google faced severe criticism and political pressure in the United States for what was seen as cooperating with Chinese government censorship. Google had to decide whether to change its operating policies and what to do about the criticisms.

During the past decade, retaliation as a basis for employment discrimination claims has risen dramatically from 4th to 2nd place (behind race), an increase of 46%. By definition, retaliation is the act of an employer, through a manager, inflicting an adverse action (such as discharge, discipline, or demotion) against an employee who has complained of discrimination. Retaliation claims open the possibility of punitive damages, examples of which are given. Drawing on 1,361 cases from a 21-year database, we report the characteristics of retaliation claims and offer recommendations to prevent and manage such claims.

According to the International Anti-Counterfeiting Coalition (IACC), approximately $350 billion in counterfeit goods is traded annually in the world economy. Additionally, the European Commission of Taxation and Customs Union reported that 100 million fake items were seized in 2004, a 900% increase over a four-year period. Recent trade initiatives, such as the U.S. Strategy Targeting Organized Piracy (STOP!) and the EU Intellectual Property Rights Enforcement Directive, target both organized pirates and consumers in an effort to bolster the protection of intellectual property rights. Understanding these innovative trade initiatives will assist managers to better deal with anti-counterfeiting tactics.

Strategic alliances have become an important means for developing and improving a firm's level of competitiveness. Although attractive, alliances are risky and difficult to manage. One crucial mechanism in managing and reducing alliance risk is reliance on personal relationships between managers in partnering firms. Personal ties are beneficial in that they can form the basis for developing trust between partners and aid joint decision-making and information sharing, thereby reducing some of the risks inherent in alliances. Despite their usefulness, however, personal relationships may have drawbacks. For example, strong interpersonal ties in alliances can sometimes prevent dissolution of faltering arrangements, as feelings may prevent the making of difficult, yet prudent, termination decisions. In order to combat this possibility, firms can reduce the downside of personal relationships by carefully managing the role of performance managers across the life of the relationship.

Aligning employees with a firm's larger strategic goals is critical if organizations hope to manage their human capital effectively and ultimately attain strategic success. An important component of attaining and sustaining this alignment is for employees to have a "line of sight" (LOS) with their organization's strategic objectives. Illustrates how the translation of calculated firm goals into tangible results requires that employees not only understand the organization's strategy, but also accurately appreciate what actions are aligned with realizing that strategy. Using recent empirical evidence, theoretical insights, and tangible examples of exemplary firm practices, provides thought leaders with a comprehensive view of LOS by showing how it can be created, how it can be enhanced or stifled, and how it can be effectively managed. Further, integrates LOS with current thinking on employee alignment to help managers more effectively benefit from understanding human capital potential.

The case describes Lincoln Electric's business strategy and incentive system, and it discusses the global strategy choices that the company faces going forward. Lincoln Electric is deciding whether a strong push into India should be the next step in the company's globalization. The company has enjoyed increasing success in China as a result of its aggressive expansion through both a joint venture and set of majority-owned plants. The company is deciding how it could apply the lessons of the Chinese experience, as well as the lessons of its experience across Asia, Europe, and Latin America, to India. First of all, should Lincoln Electric own a manufacturing operation in India? If yes, Lincoln Electric could enter the India market by acquisition, by joint venture, or by building a new plant on its own. If the company were to enter by acquisition, it was unclear what type of valuation to apply to any of the Indian incumbent companies. If the company were to enter by joint venture, the question was: How could Lincoln ensure its ability to make key business decisions? If the company were to build its own plant, the question was: Would the cost of starting from scratch be more than sufficiently compensated by the total control the company would enjoy?

Robert K. Merton wrote a series of papers on the sociology of science in the 1940s and 1950s and is commonly recognized as the founder of the field. Merton laid out four norms that constitute the "ethos" of science: community-wide fundamentals that he proposed were necessary to sustain science as a viable institution.

Provides an overview of leadership development for the manager charged with developing a single individual or corporate leadership program. Introduces a framework for understanding the components of developmental experiences and then applies it to a range of experiences, including: formal and informal feedback, training, job assignments, and mentoring. Concludes with a discussion of the leadership development process--in particular, the need to factor in organizational context and individual differences when selecting and sequencing developmental experiences.

Almost five years had passed since Goldman Sachs launched its innovative leadership development initiative called Pine Street. Focused primarily on developing Goldman's most senior managers, Pine Street had evolved significantly since its inception in November of 1999. Looking forward, there were a number of challenges. How would Pine Street remain valued in a culture where what you did yesterday doesn't matter much? The question every day is "What will you do for me today?" Early in May 2005, members of the Pine Street Board of Directors gathered for their quarterly meeting to address the dimensions of this challenge: First, its curriculum had to maintain the interest of an increasingly demanding internal clientele. Second, program content had to keep pace with the constantly changing requirements of a rapidly shifting competitive and regulator landscape. Third, Pine Street itself had to pursue creative ways of renewing its structure and people without compromising either its mission or its unique culture. Fourth, Pine Street had to retain the continued support of Goldman Sachs' senior leadership. Finally, as program offerings grew, so did fundamental questions of identity: After five years of evolutionary growth, what did the Pine Street brand mean to Goldman Sachs?

Banco Santander, Spain's largest commercial bank, announced in July 2004 the acquisition of Abbey National Bank, the fifth largest U.K. commercial bank. This transaction was the largest ever cross-border acquisition in European banking and would result in the 10th-largest bank in the world. Discusses the main sources of value creation from international expansion and acquisitions in the commercial banking industry. Also, highlights the barriers to integration within the single market of the European Union in a regulated service industry such as commercial banking.

Huawei was China's largest telecommunication equipment provider. It boasted annual revenue of US$6.7 billion in 2005, 60% of which came from international sales. Globally, Huawei had a strong position in the market for low-end routers and switches, offering products that were 40% cheaper than its competitors. However, unlike the threat from most Chinese companies, Huawei's threat came not from low-cost manufacturing but from low-cost engineering. Can Huawei leverage its strengths to climb up the technology value chain, replicating its success with low-end telecom networking in high-technology products and services? Can it build a global brand?

Wan Chai, one of the oldest districts in Hong Kong, was appointed as one of the urban redevelopment areas in Hong Kong in 1998. The government had laid out various redevelopment plans in select sections within the district. Ever since the announcement, many community leaders, residents, and town planners have expressed the fear that Wan Chai would become an "air-conditioned glass box" if the historical buildings were torn down to make ways for high-rises. The government, on the other hand, made justifications to proceed with renewal and claimed that they have adopted a "people-oriented" approach to solve the social and cultural issues. Illustrates a classic case of disputes between policy and people in urban renewal projects and the dilemma of urban renewal and preservation of culture and community networks.

This case sets the stage for the 2012 case study "Constructing a Base-of-the-Pyramid Business in a Multinational Corporation: CEMEX's Patrimonio Hoy Looks to Grow." This revised 2006 case study explores Patrimonio Hoy in 2006, the sales, distribution, and savings program of CEMEX intended to serve Mexico's large self-construction housing market. CEMEX is currently the world's third largest cement producer. Over the years, Patrimonio Hoy has gone from a small, centrally-funded project to a US$25 million revenue generator for CEMEX. This case explores the initiative's opportunities for growth and expansion into new markets.

Describes a set of issues confronting the leaders of the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, an innovative cross-university effort to accelerate scientific discovery and translation in the domain of stem cells. Covers a wide range of topics, including understanding how science research gets funded, how politics affect research, how universities approach intellectual property, how countries (and states) compete for talent, and how therapies are developed.

In December 2005, the vice-president of global sales and marketing for MedMira Laboratories in Halifax, Nova Scotia, has to decide whether to enter the over-the-counter (OTC) HIV testing market in the United States, if the company receives approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Entry into this market could potentially open the door to OTC sales of other infectious disease tests that MedMira could develop with its current technology. Not entering the market could result in shareholder disapproval and a significant missed opportunity. With the exception of China, the majority of the company's tests have been sold to hospitals and laboratories, therefore, U.S. OTC sales would require the development of new marketing and distribution expertise. It would also be a very expensive undertaking for such a small company with accumulated losses. If MedMira decides to enter the market, the vice-president of global sales and marketing would need to determine whether to go it alone or partner with Home Access Health Corporation, a Chicago-based company, which has the only FDA-approved at-home test system on market. There are also a number of ethical concerns surrounding at-home testing that would need to be addressed.

The Mountain Hardwear A, B, and C cases cover the founding and rise of the premium outdoor apparel and equipment manufacturer. The A case (set between late 1993 and 1999) addresses the company's founding, early brand development, and the particular characteristics of the outdoor apparel and equipment industry. The B case is set in 2003 and examines trends within that industry as well as the company's opportunity to be acquired by a larger, more diversified apparel company. The C case is set in 2006, and it examines Mountain Hardwear's athlete sponsorship program.