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BDP International Inc. (BDP), one of the world's leading privately-held freight logistics companies, provided chemical shipping services to eight of the top ten global chemical companies. In April 2021, it contracted with a chemical company for two shipping orders, each to a different destination, and each with a set number of containers to be shipped every month for a year. The containers were filled with a chemical used in the electronics industry. This was one of the biggest logistical challenges faced by BDP's vice-president of Government and Industry Affairs and its director of Transportation, especially because the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic had disrupted the global shipping industry. After having sorted out and arranged for the shipping, a few containers belonging to BDP's client were engulfed in a fire that broke during the vessel's voyage across the Atlantic Ocean. The containers and their contents were damaged beyond recovery. BDP had to scramble again to plan transportation, this time deciding how to inform the client, deal with possible late penalties and damage fees, and make whole on the order.

As of 12/31/21, Amazon held $22 billion of equity and warrants in related companies. In fact, it often requests a free grant of warrants when it enters into a new commercial agreement with a supplier. Over the past 20 years, Amazon has gotten warrants in almost 20 publicly traded companies and more than 75 private companies; in a few instances, it has gotten multiple grants from a single company. Combined, Amazon held $3.4 billion of warrants as of year-end 2021. This case explores one of the recent transactions in which Amazon requested warrants as part of signing a new commercial agreement with SpartanNash Company, the fifth largest food distributor in the United States. In September 2020, shortly before Tony Sarsam became CEO of SpartanNash, Amazon proposed a new 2-part agreement. The first part involved a revision to the existing commercial agreement that governed distribution of grocery items from suppliers to Amazon warehouses. The second part involved a free grant of "at-the-money" warrants to buy up to 15% of SpartanNash's shares. The warrants would vest over seven years based on Amazon's cumulative purchases from SpartanNash up to a total of $8 billion. Compared to Amazon's current spending of approximately $400 million per year, this proposal represented a significant opportunity for SpartanNash to grow with one of America's largest and fastest-growing retailers. But that opportunity came at a cost (giving Amazon warrants). Should Sarsam accept the proposal, reject it, or try to renegotiate aspects? More generally, students must assess whether this was an example of a powerful buyer exerting market power over a smaller supplier, or was it an example of a new dynamic partnership that would align interests and share gains through common ownership. In other words, was Amazon's proposal coercive, collaborative, or both?

Unbeknownst to most people, Amazon currently holds $10 billion of equity and warrants in related companies. In fact, it often requests a free grant of warrants when it enters into a new commercial agreement with a supplier. Over the past 20 years, Amazon has gotten warrants in at least 13 publicly traded companies and more than 75 private companies. As of January 2022, Amazon's current holdings of warrants was worth almost $4 billion. This case explores one of the recent deals in which Amazon requested warrants as part of a new commercial agreement. In September 2020, shortly before Tony Sarsam became CEO of SpartanNash Company, the fifth largest food distributor in the United States, Amazon presented the company with a 2-part proposal. The first part involved a revision to the existing commercial agreement that governed distribution of food from suppliers to Amazon warehouses. The second part involved a free grant of "at-the-money" warrants to buy up to 15% of SpartanNash's shares. The warrants would vest over seven years based on Amazon's cumulative purchases from SpartanNash up to a total of $8 billion. Compared to Amazon's current spending of $400 million per year, this proposal represented a significant opportunity for SpartanNash to grow with one of America's largest and fastest-growing retailers. Should Sarsam accept the proposal, reject it, or try to renegotiate aspects? More generally, was this an example of a powerful buyer exerting market power over a supplier, or was it an example of a new kind of dynamic partnership that would align interests the medium to longer term through ownership stakes? "

As of 12/31/21, Amazon held $22 billion of equity and warrants in related companies. In fact, it often requests a free grant of warrants when it enters into a new commercial agreement with a supplier. Over the past 20 years, Amazon has gotten warrants almost 20 publicly traded companies and more than 75 private companies; in a few instances, it has gotten multiple grants from a single firm. Combined, Amazon held $3.4 billion of warrants as of year-end 2021. This case explores one of the recent transactions in which Amazon requested warrants as part of signing a new commercial agreement with Kornit Digital, a small, but rapidly growing digital printing company based in Israel.

When Afresh CEO and cofounder Matt Schwartz enrolled at the Stanford University Graduate School of Business (GSB) in 2015, he had a singular obsession-healthy food, to benefit both individuals and the planet-and an ironclad determination: to found a business by the time he graduated. His classmate and cofounder, Afresh President Nathan Fenner, had a credo-work with really cool technology, preferably in underleveraged areas-and an orientation: choose work that had positive social impact beyond creating value in the market. Together, they honed in on a thesis: that the fresh food market was wildly under penetrated by technology. This led them, through trial and error, to found Afresh, a "for-profit social impact company" focused on fresh foods in the supply chain inventory management and software business. This case explains how Schwartz and Fenner took their idea from the business school classroom to the market and built a company that, as of early 2022, was valued at $121 million and had signed deals with grocery chains with a total of 3,100 stores-and expected to be live in 4,000 to 5,000 stores by late 2022.

Hongxing ERKE Industrial Co., Ltd. (ERKE), founded in 2000, was the first large Chinese sportswear company to list overseas. Despite the difficulties it faced caused by poor management and the decline of its brand influence, ERKE donated ¥50 million worth of aid to disaster-hit areas in Henan, China, shortly after severe flooding in the province in July 2021. The donation caused an unprecedented online event in China and ignited the enthusiasm of netizens for buying ERKE products. Millions of netizens rushed to ERKE's livestreaming studios and expressed their gratitude and support for the company through "wild consumption." ERKE became representative in consumers' minds of excellent domestic products that were part of Chinese fashion trends. Why had ERKE's donation become such a hot topic and triggered a consumption binge in China? On the heels of this situation, how should ERKE use the opportunity to achieve a long-term competitive advantage in the future?

The historic Lund Resort at Kla ah men (the Resort) was wholly owned by the Tla'amin Nation and operated by Tla'amin Management Services LP (TMS). The Tla'amin Final Agreement had been in effect since April 2016, making the Tla'amin Nation self-governing over its land, resources, and members. The Resort, on British Columbia (BC)'s Sunshine Coast, featured thirty-one renovated guest rooms that ranged from budget-friendly units to luxury ocean-front suites. In addition to hiring a new general manager, the Resort needed to increase bookings in the shoulder season and stabilize staffing. By 2018, the Resort had had six general managers in two years and needed a highly experienced professional to fill the position. TMS hoped to retain this person for at least three years. The new manager would need to be a good fit in terms of Tla'amin culture and values; given the complex reporting structure, they would need to be adaptive and willing to work with multiple people within the Tla'amin leadership, including the TMS board of directors and the Tla'amin operating board. While it would have been best to hire a manager with experience working with Indigenous communities, the TMS had determined that this was not feasible and that it was best to hire someone who was experienced and open to learning about Tla'amin culture and values.

Founder-CEO of one of India's largest clean energy companies, ReNew Power, which develops, builds, and operates utility-scale wind and solar energy projects, has to decide the way forward for the company as the country and the world stand poised at the cusp of an energy revolution. In 2021, at the COP26 summit, India's Prime Minister had pledged that the country would achieve net-zero emissions by 2070 and raise renewable energy capacity fivefold by 2030. What role will ReNew Power play in this transition? Besides, with traditional power generators, which had focused on fossil fuel-based sources, finally taking notice of the renewables market, how can ReNew Power stay ahead of the competition?

David Heath and Randy Goldberg founded Bombas in 2013 to serve two missions: to deliver the "best socks in the history of feet," and to donate socks (the most requested item in homeless shelters) to Americans experiencing homelessness. Eight years later, Bombas had established itself mostly through online marketing as a preeminent direct-to-consumer sock maker, and had introduced lines of underwear, T-shirts, and slippers as well. Bombas was also one of America's most visible buy-one-give-one companies, with over $250 million in annual revenue and 50 million pairs of socks donated. As it grew, however, the company faced mounting challenges. What pace of growth would best allow Bombas to reach new customers while maintaining focus on its social mission? How could the company attract the talent necessary to manage such a complex online operation? And with a sprawling network of 3,500 Giving Partners of varying sizes around the U.S., was it time for Bombas to simplify its giving program?

Should FIFA host its biggest event-the FIFA World Cup-every two years instead of every four, as it has been doing since the event's inception in the 1930s? In September 2021, Gianni Infantino, the president of the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA), addresses representatives of the 211 national associations that are members of football's highest-level governing body, from a conference room in FIFA's headquarters in Switzerland. The members have convened to discuss proposed reforms spearheaded by former coach Arsène Wenger, FIFA's Chief Football Officer, who is seated next to Infantino. News of the planned reforms already have sent shockwaves through the world of football. For instance, the president of football's European confederation, UEFA, has referred to a biennial World Cup as a "killer" and vowed to boycott the idea. The president of the Spanish league, one of football's top three domestic leagues, has dismissed the plans as "a threat not just to domestic football leagues but to the overall tradition of world football." Are the proposed reforms-all part of a 'Future of Football' project designed to reshape the sport-the right bet for FIFA? And if so, what can the governing body do to guide the process along the right path?

The case describes the Brazilian company, VTEX's journey from its founding in 2000 as a textile software company to its unicorn status in 2021 and listing on NYSE. It traces the company's transformation to a global player in digital commerce as a provider of a software-as-a-service (SaaS) digital commerce platform for enterprise brands and retailers selling direct-to-consumer (D2C). Its platform is the operating system for the e-commerce ecosystem, that enables its customers to execute their commerce strategy by catering to complex networks of consumers, business partners, suppliers and fulfilment providers at different stages of the purchase journey across a variety of sales channels. The Brazilian company has built a strong, well-established and unique ecosystem, over its 20-year operating history which made it tricky for new players to enter Latin America. By 2021, the company's clients included major brands such as Sony, Walmart, Whirlpool, Coca-Cola, Stanley Black & Decker, AB InBev, Motorola, Carrefour and Nestlé, with 2,500 active online stores, the company was present in 32 countries.

The case, based on extensive interviews with top executives and two generations of Dachser family owners, documents the genesis and spectacular growth of the global logistics specialist, a group that now has close to 400 locations on all five continents and employs 30,000+ people. Despite its global footprint, Dachser stayed loyal to both its core business - intelligent logistics - and to Kempten, a picturesque town of 70,000+ inhabitants and the center of gravity for Dachser's operations and the place the Dachser family owners call home. Dachser received the IMD Global Family Business Award in 2019

This brief B case dives into how the governance model withstood the COVID-19 crisis.

Hotel Kinara is a newly built, well-functioning 4-star hotel in Ahmedabad. But the hotel owners desire an exit from the market. A transaction advisory consultant values the hotel right before the COVID-19 pandemic. However, as happens with big-ticket transactions, the sale is delayed. The hotel is revalued after the first wave of COVID-19 subsides. The valuation is substantially below the original estimates. The consultant contemplates the valuation two years later. The case is centred around valuing a commercial property asset in different market conditions using the discounted cash flow method. Students develop a cash flow pro forma on the basis of market information. The case exposes students to several nuances of pro forma development. Students are sensitised to the idea that valuation is about not just cash flows but also the perceived risk in cash flows. The perceived risks may result from investors' overreaction to market conditions and irrational sentiments. The discount rate, capitalisation rate, etc., must be revised carefully as the market cycles change.

The case describes a successful Singapore-based venture capital (VC) firm, Openspace Ventures, and its decision to incorporate elements of sustainable investing throughout its business. Similar to many early-stage investors, Openspace's early returns were driven by portfolio companies with a combination of large addressable markets, dedicated entrepreneurs, and a strong product offering aligned with the opportunity. Issues of sustainability or environmental, social, and (corporate) governance (ESG) were not initially part of their process, but after their initial success the founders are interested in "doing well by doing good"-and believe that it will not require sacrificing returns. This case illustrates how traditional early-stage investors such as Openspace can evaluate the trade-offs associated with adding a sustainability component to their investment process. In this brief case we introduce the protagonists, Shane Chesson, his co-founder Hian Goh, and the proposal they deliver to a room full of investors: to integrate sustainable investing principles throughout their successful, traditional VC business. Class discussion should lead to a decision on whether Openspace should proceed with Openhand, and if so, how to successfully manage the implementation.

In October 2018, Canada legalized recreational use of cannabis. One year later, in late 2019, after share prices had fallen significantly from their peak, investors were looking for favourable investment opportunities in the cannabis industry. HEXO Corp. and Aurora Cannabis Inc. were two cannabis companies that traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange and followed International Financial Reporting Standards. In such a young industry, many companies were still reporting losses. Therefore, potential investors focused on a company's enterprise value (EV) and used the EV-to-revenue multiple as a useful metric for assessing a company's value. Before conducting an analysis of the two companies' values, however, investors had to consider several accounting directives issued by the International Accounting Standards that affected their financial statements. In particular, IAS 41 Agriculture posed various difficulties for Canadian cannabis companies. Investors who were interested in pursuing opportunities in Canada's cannabis industry had to pay close attention to this accounting standard and to the financial statements of individual companies.

This case explores a current but also enduring and widely relevant intersection of challenges facing managers who compete in rapidly evolving technology markets. In the landmark US$9 billion Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc. case, Google LLC (Google) leads development of the now-ubiquitous Android mobile operating system, used by billions of people globally. However, many of the laws governing development were unclear, having been written before the technologies being developed were even imagined. Thus, Google must balance competitive risks with other risks, such as legal uncertainty.

In January 2020, Paddy Padmanathan, president and CEO of ACWA Power, was reflecting on the company's sixteen-year record of success and thinking about its future growth plans. Founded in 2004, ACWA Power was a Saudi Arabian developer, owner, and operator of power and water desalination plants, was thinking about the company's future. Over the past 16 years, ACWA Power had grown its footprint with 56 assets across 11 countries, with a combined value of over $45 billion. ACWA Power had been studying the prospects of a non-carbon fuel, green hydrogen. To date, no large-scale green hydrogen plant had been attempted, predominantly because it was too costly to produce. However, with green hydrogen production costs declining and increasing commitment from countries and companies to decarbonization, projections for the hydrogen market were optimistic though highly varied. Padmanathan believed that ACWA Power with its low-cost business model and track record would be able to deliver green hydrogen at a competitive price and was keen to embark on the world's first large-scale green hydrogen project. He saw several challenges, including ACWA Power's lack of experience working with industrial gases and finding an attractive project site. The project would require partners with complementary expertise, and ACWA Power would need to determine how to structure the relationships. Padmanathan was excited about the possibilities, but was the timing right? Would being a first mover outweigh the pioneering costs? If so, what would be the best way forward?