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This article explores solutions-driven innovation within an emerging market context, specifically in Africa, and how it can be utilized as a strategy by multinational enterprises to address institutional voids in these markets. Through a qualitative case study of Uber and their expansion into Africa, it demonstrates how solutions-driven innovation can create markets and mitigate distance and institutional voids in emerging market contexts. Uber created markets in Africa by developing a solution to consumers' unmet needs. Such solutions-driven innovation can create opportunities not only at the bottom but also in the middle of the economic pyramid. But to be successful in African markets requires being mindful of how institutional voids necessitate innovative solutions and potentially different value propositions.

This article provides guidance to social entrepreneurs and their funders as they seek to advance the enterprise from startup to scale. It focuses on the evolution of four social entrepreneurs and their decision-making paths as they attempt to scale their respective organizations. It then develops a framework to understand how social entrepreneurs alternate between pursuing activities to increase the scale of their work and delivering social impact in a "zig-zagging" process.

The paradox of openness is inherent to all platform ecosystems-the tension in enabling maximum openness to create joint innovation while guaranteeing value capturing for all actors. Governance mechanisms to solve this paradox are embedded into the technical architecture of the platform, addressing the dimensions of access, control, and incentives. Blockchain technology offers unique ways to design novel governance mechanisms through the standardization of interactions. However, the design of such an architecture requires careful consideration of the cost associated with it.

Open innovation has become well established as a new imperative for organizing innovation. In line with the increased use in industry, it has also attracted a lot of attention in academia. However, understanding the full benefits and possible limits of open innovation still remains a challenge. We draw on strategic management theory to describe some of these benefits and limits. More specifically, we develop a dynamic capabilities framework as a way to better understand the strategic management of open innovation, which can then help to better explain both success and failure in open innovation. With this background, as guest editors we introduce select papers published in this Special Section of California Management Review that were originally presented at the fifth annual World Open Innovation Conference, held in San Francisco, California, in December of 2018.

While collaborating with several competitors on coupled innovation projects requires smooth knowledge sharing to ensure the project's success, protecting knowledge is also essential due to the prevailing risks of coalition formation, opportunism, and knowledge leakage. Intense tensions between knowledge sharing and protection may arise and must be managed to avoid project failure. This article explores the formal and informal mechanisms used to manage these tensions. The case studied (Galileo) reveals the limited role of informal mechanisms to manage such tensions and shows how a centralized project structure encouraged the formal sharing of knowledge by protecting firms from unwanted knowledge transfers between competitors.

This article investigates how project expertise and complexity jointly impact the decision to adopt open or closed innovation. It identifies four different types of open innovation models-crowdsourcing, coopetition, science-based, and network-and explores the varying conditions of project expertise and complexity under which firms tend to adopt a particular type. Using large data analysis from pharmaceutical drug development projects, the authors find that complexity moderates the relationship between project expertise and the choice of open or closed innovation and that levels of complexity and project expertise vary between different open innovation models.

In 2007, California-based Pannacotta Development had built iPort 12 near two active New Jersey shipping ports for $122 million. Now in 2011, with only one tenant, the property was losing $2.7 million at the operating level, and the project's $76.5 million construction loan was in default. The lender, Bank of America (BofA), had taken control of the property and decided to sell the buildings. The transaction market was at a standstill and BofA knew iPort 12 would certainly sell for less than the loan balance. KTR, one of only a few buyer prospects, was under contract to purchase the project for $53 million-less than half of Pannacotta $122 million cost. It was a heady time for KTR. The fully integrated real estate private equity fund manager specializing in industrial property was sitting on $375 million of uninvested capital from KTR's $700 million second fund, a 2008-vintage vehicle whose investment period was due to expire at the end of 2011. On the heels of the financial crisis, KTR's 2009 and 2010 investments were priced to deliver relatively safe 13 percent IRRs, with potential upside if the market recovered. But the investment market had begun to shift in late 2010. Prices for well-located, leased properties had firmed as the capital markets recovered. In sharp contrast, the market for properties with substantial vacancy was an entirely different story as leasing activity remained depressed. As debt service shortfalls mounted, lenders became impatient, seized control and began selling the distressed collateral for defaulted loans. Buying these properties meant considerably greater risk than KTR's 2009 and 2010 acquisitions. But, with more risk came the prospect of 20 percent or higher IRRs.

Align Technologies was a leader in disrupting the orthodontist and dental markets with the original development of clear plastic aligners, which allowed for customized solutions to malocclusions, the incorrect alignment of teeth and jaws. Unlike traditional braces, plastic aligners enabled more flexibility and customization by combining digital and physical technologies that were convenient and attractive than other alternatives. As the company began to enter its third decade, the leadership team was dealing with the challenges of new competition, expiring patents, how to improve international growth and how best to increase operational efficiency.

In 2015, Homesake entered the home décor sector in India by designing, producing, and selling home décor products, including lighting, tableware, and wall hangings. By 2018, after three years in operation, Homesake had generated sufficient sales that its founder was ready to grow the business internationally; increase its traditional (offline) retail sales; and expand to hotels, bars, pubs, and restaurants. However, challenges related to a possible expansion were becoming evident, including the contractual nature of the labour force, inefficiencies in the supply chain, a constant need to design and develop new products, and the need to improve quality control and logistics. What would be the best course and business model for the founder to pursue to ensure Homesake's consistent growth in the future?

China Merchants Bank, the sixth-largest lender in China, intends to boost its family office business as a result of an increase in the population of ultra-high net worth individuals. Already ranked China's number-one private bank with AUM exceeding US$300 billion, the Bank is exploring different ways to cater to the demand from newly minted billionaires and their families, and to maintain its competitiveness in retaining these customers amid fierce competition with domestic and foreign banks. Management also needs to brace for an emerging trend in which super-affluent families opt to reduce their reliance on traditional bankers by setting up independent family offices. The case raises issues in segmentation of private banking, change in organization design, and devising strategies for target customers and value creation.

Talking Points is a U.S. not-for-profit 501c3 organization that provides a multilingual platform to help teachers communicate with families. The idea was first created in 2014 at a Startup Weekend as a translation-embedded SMS tool, inspired by the evidence of a strong connection between parental engagement and student outcomes. By 2019 the organization was reaching 500,000 families, exclusively via word of mouth. They had plenty of internally-collected data and anecdotes about their positive effects on students, families and teachers. MIT's Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab was assisting them to conduct a randomized control trial (RCT, the "gold standard" in measuring efficacy) in the 20-21 school year. The product, which uses a combination of AI and human translation, had grown to include versions for schools and districts. The company was earning subscription revenue and strong customer retention. They also faced competition from several venture-backed for-profit start-ups. At the time of the case, the organization has just received a sizable grant from google.org, which would enable it to transition from a small start-up to a more established entity.

The case is set in September 2019, and the protagonist of the case is Sheryl Sandberg. The case opens with her contemplating the new ventures on which Facebook is embarking, such as its transformation into a mega-app, the launch of its Libra cryptocurrency and the roll-out of its dating site, so as to continue its growth and to fend off competition. More than 99 percent of Facebook's revenues come from advertising and, along with Alphabet's Google, it dominates the digital advertising space. However, Facebook and other big tech companies are coming under increasing attack from governments and civil society groups for this dominance. Antitrust investigations and possible break-ups of these big firms are being proposed. Sandberg is facing other challenges as well. Concerns about how Facebook uses data it gathers from its users have come to the forefront. It has fallen afoul of privacy laws in Europe and the United States and been subject to large fines. Facebook's role as a vehicle for propagating fake news has been under scrutiny. Elections in the United States have been impacted and civil unrest (with occasionally fatal results) has occurred in other countries. Libra itself is facing problems, as governments and regulators voice objections to its introduction, applying pressure on potential partners. In 2019, Facebook was the fifth most valuable company on the planet, with a market capitalization of $540 billion (behind Microsoft, Amazon, Apple, and Alphabet).

In the fall of 2018, Serbia found itself at a crossroads yet again. Following the Balkan Wars of the 1990s and the collapse of Yugoslavia, the country had embarked on a slow and arduous process of accession to the European Union (EU). This had been further hampered by the country's tortuous relations to its breakaway province of Kosovo, one of several regions fighting for political independence at a time when the continent itself was seeking greater economic and political integration in the form of the EU. Support for the EU accession was falling in Serbia, however, also in light of the increasing presence in the country of Russian and Chinese interests and investments. But would the country eventually have to pick a side amidst the rapidly changing geopolitics of the early twenty-first century?

This case describes the first commercial flight of Boeing's 787 Dreamliner in 2011, three years after originally planned, as well as the first commercial flight of Airbus' superjumbo, the A380, in 2007. It also describes the companies' current endeavors in 2011, including Airbus' work on the A350 and A320neo (new engine option) and Boeing's development of the 737 MAX. Boeing originally considered replacing the 737 with a completely new and redesigned ("clean-sheet") plane, but utlimately (in part due to pressure from the A320neo) decided to modify the 737 instead.

This case describes an issue with the batteries of Boeing's 787 Dreamliner planes overheating and sometimes catching fire in 2013. The planes were grounded for several months until Boeing introduced new safety measures. The case also discusses a problem with cracks on the wings of Airbus's A380 superjumbo, which required the company to make a costly fix to a particular wing component.

This case describes the introduction of Airbus's A350XWB (Xtra Wide Body) in 2015. It also describes Airbus and Boeing's current endeavors in 2015, including Airbus's development of the A330neo, Boeing's work on the 737 MAX, and Boeing's announcement of the 777X.

This case describes Airbus and Boeing developments in 2016, including Airbus's delivery of the first A320neo and Boeing's work on the 737 MAX and 777X programs. It also notes Airbus's restructuring in 2016.

This case describes Airbus's partnership with the Montreal-based aircraft manufacturer Bombardier beginning in 2017. The two companies partnered on the C Series of aircraft (later named the A220 Family), which consisted of small aircraft with 100-150 seats. The case also describes Boeing's 2018 joint venture with the Brazilian aerospace company Embraer, which produced the E2 Family of planes (97-120 seats).