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Student spreadsheet for case KE1020.

Rachio, a small Denver-based company, developed and sold a disruptive technology that digitized home sprinkler systems. Rachio's "Smart Sprinkler Controller" enabled homeowners to reduce water usage by up to 50 percent by using detailed weather reports to auto-adjust watering. Homeowners could also easily control their irrigation systems from their smartphones through the Rachio app. Rachio had seen strong early adoption, but in 2018 the percentage of homes with smart sprinkler controllers was still quite small. Although the Internet of Things (IoT) market was growing rapidly, the market was still relatively new and expensive. Rachio was similar to many other IoT companies in that the majority of the value of the product was in the software-but the revenue came from one-time sales of a piece of hardware, which Rachio sold as a premium product. Rachio's large incumbent competitors were a step behind Rachio in smart controllers, but they were starting to copy Rachio's product, feature for feature. To stay ahead of the competition and continue to grow, Rachio needed to convert more homeowners into the B2C channel or move to extend its early B2C wins into B2B markets. In B2B markets, professional landscapers chose the controller type and brand for homeowners.

Dr. William Carson, an African-American psychiatrist who grew up in South Carolina. He had a thriving career in academic medicine as a professor and he also treated patients. After a decade in academic medicine he moved into the pharmaceutical industry where he ran drug trials. As the Group Director of Bristol-Myers Squibb, Carson worked on the drug Aripiprazole, an antipsychotic drug that is more famously known as Abilify. Abilify had been developed by Otsuka, a Japanese pharmaceutical company, and it was being co-marketed in the United States by Otsuka and Bristol Myers-Squibb. After a series of "Appleby's" conversations held during dinner meetings with a colleague from Otsuka at Appleby's restaurant, Carson was invited to join Otsuka's fledgling Princeton, N.J., office. Carson was then asked to take on the considerable task of running clinical trials for Abilify in Japan. The project would require a deft cultural touch as well as a plan for how to run the trials. Should the trials be run in-house or outsourced? Should Carson hire employees who might eventually be laid off - an unpopular option in Japan - or could he find a company with enough cultural sensitivity to run the trials in Asia? Carson would have to rely on his intrapreneurial skills to find the answers.

In December 2016, the debt-stricken Greek government announced the distribution of a sizeable "Christmas gift" to its low-income pensioners, a one-time bonus that would cost the government €617 million. This cost was in addition to suspending increases in the value-added tax on some Greek islands. These plans were in clear violation of the terms of a bailout provided to Greece by Eurozone nations in 2015, which required Greece to implement austerity measures and achieve specific fiscal targets. What was the reason for Greece's economic troubles and why did Greece's debt-to-GDP (gross domestic product) ratio climb to its current three-digit figure? Faced with an imminent exit from the Eurozone, how could the country's government solve Greece's longstanding fiscal problems?

Student spreadsheet for case W17581.

In November 2014, a senior administrative service officer at Madhya Pradesh State Civil Supplies Corporation Limited was faced with the problem of determining how to best allocate food grain according to location demands. She needed to choose the best delivery routes and provide a cost-effective means of meeting demands for food grain from "fair-price shops." How should she approach this problem? How should she manage any changes that she makes in the distribution plans?

An analyst's The manager at a local investment firm had been reading through a recent report regarding MGM Resorts International when he noticed a drop in the company's bad debt expense estimate for 2016. He had asked an analyst at the firm to investigate. The manager knew a decrease like this could indicate an improvement in collectability from customers, but he also knew the expense was subject to estimates from management. He needed to know whether to interpret the decline as a good sign or not. This case is intended for use in an introductory financial accounting course to demonstrate the impact of accounts receivable on financial statements.

In the business environment surrounding the 2008 financial crisis, a new field within investing emerged to address the shortcomings of a "profit-only" mission of business. The nascent impact investing industry sought to create positive impact beyond financial returns. Putting this idyllic-sounding idea into practice demanded that institutions interested in this line of work consider what social impact means, how to assess it, how returns in impact investments would differ from traditional investments, and where to invest capital. Four students at the University of Michigan's Ross School of Business realized the flawed structure of the financial system and wanted to see how they and their university could play a role in the impact investing industry. Collaborating with faculty and industry professionals, the students conceived the idea of a student-run venture capital fund that would invest in companies for both financial and social returns. Social Venture Fund was the first of any such organization on any campus. Before the students could even make an investment, however, they had to decide on the nature of their organization. The students wrestled with four questions at the same time as the overall impact investing industry was struggling with the identical questions: How would they define impact? What would their investment thesis be? How would they measure impact? In which sectors and geographies would they invest?

The benefits or harms achieved by a business is determined in part by the choices that business leaders make. One important driver of these choices is a leader's view of the purpose of business. This note: (1) outlines the history of debates about corporate purpose, (2) calls out some myths that persist in the way that people think about corporate purpose, and (3) introduces a view of business called "managing for stakeholders" that has become increasingly influential.

In 2016, the owner of a cow-calf operation must decide what the appropriate weight for cows in their herd is. For decades, the national trend has been for cow weights to increase because they produce larger calves, but evidence indicates that cow weights may have reached the point where the cost of maintaining a larger cow has become greater than the return from producing a larger calf. Analyzing this issue introduces marginal principles from economics. Formerly "Old Mule Farms," product no. 9B10B004.

The strong, public advocacy of a highly successful African American CEO has the potential to negatively impact his company. The CEO is deciding if he should listen to the advice of others who are urging him to "tone it down".

Tencent had undergone many transformations since it was founded in 1998 as a simple messaging service. In 2017, it was the largest online games provider in China with a wide range of game types, China's largest social networking service provider with several of the largest social networking applications in the world, and China's favorite Internet portal. It was challenging Alibaba's Alipay as the leader in online payments systems, and it had established strategic relationships with many service providers to help exploit new opportunities in online-to-offline (O2O) services and leverage its huge user base in e-commerce and search. However, there was no room for complacency. Competition from the other big local Internet companies such as Baidu and Alibaba was fierce, and there were always thousands of start-ups looking to enter the sector. Founder and CEO Ma Huateng ("Pony" Ma) remarked, "In America, when you bring an idea to market you usually have several months before competition pops up, allowing you to capture significant market share. In China, you can have hundreds of competitors within the first hours of going live. Ideas are not important in China-execution is."

Eatigo is a restaurant reservation application (app) founded in 2013 which offered an alternative way of connecting diners to restaurants. The aim was to improve restaurants' profitability by filling up empty restaurant seats during off-peak hours, by offering time-based discounts ranging from 10 to 50 percent. The market for restaurant reservation apps showed potential but there were already entrenched players. With dogged determination to develop a unique value proposition and careful crafting of its business model, the founders managed to shape diners' behaviour and disrupt the modus operandi of the industry to become a leading restaurant reservation app with presence in Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, Hong Kong, India and the Philippines. As business gained traction, the founders needed funding to sustain growth. They explored funding options available to small-medium enterprises in Singapore and Bangkok - loan from credit card and banks, government grants, and investment from venture capital companies. There were pros and cons. The size and cost of funding were important considerations. Whilst meeting investors' demands was necessary to secure funding, it may lead to excessive dilution of owner's control. There was also the question on the correct valuation of Eatigo. Which type of funding should the founders choose?

The RoboTech case describes the challenges facing the CEO of a small, Singapore-based industrial robotics company that decides to diversify away from its core industrial robot business by leveraging its expertise into the medical-devices industry. It launches an innovative product (a specialized surgical robot) in an unfamiliar market segment (spinal surgery) and decides to enter the unfamiliar, distant U.S. healthcare market, which is characterized by rapid technological change and intense competition with large, established competitors. RoboTech's initial struggles with maintaining product supply and customer support are also complicated by regulatory pressures and shifting reimbursement rates. The case illustrates the strategic and organizational pressures that result from facing numerous unanticipated pressures in a company that lacks the resources, capabilities, and management experience to deal with them. Although the case was developed for courses in international management/international business, it is also well suited to courses in strategy, technology management, and general management.

The Coco-Mat case tracks the development of the bedding brand from its initial concept in 1989 to the iconic status it had achieved by 2016. During that time, it went through a progressive refining of its customer proposition and brand values, developed a global retail network and expanded into hotels and wood bikes, among other areas. Back in 1989, Paul and Mike Efmorfidis embarked on a wild journey to develop an original, Greecebased sleeping system company. At the end of 2015, Coco-Mat was running stores in 14 countries, employed 250+ people, most of them in Greece, and this was nowhere close to the end of the story, barely an appetizer. They had started on a beach with virtually nothing, invented new concepts in an industry they knew little about and they could only be described as fairly resistant to change. They withstood one of the worst economic crises ever seen by a country, and they were now discussing further international expansion and accelerating growth. Could they continue to operate with their initial business model? Was it time to solidify the company and install more systems and structure? How could they retain their agility? What kind of culture did they want to establish for the company and leave behind as a legacy? The past had been nothing short of amazing but where should they take the company next?

This case follows two ex-McKinsey consultants, Magnus Olsson and Mudassir Sheikha, who in search of finding their true purpose decide to found Careem, a Dubai-based ride-hailing service. Following its launch in July 2012, Careem experiences rapid growth of 30 percent per month in the UAE and other countries in the MENA region, surpassing the co-founders' expectations. However, as a result of such immense growth, the startup struggles with various operational and cultural organizational tensions. These challenges are described from the perspective of the founders and through the eyes of Deepika Thakur, one of the early employees. By 2014, in order to succeed in Saudi Arabia, the largest and most complex market in the Gulf, Olsson and Sheikha recognize the importance of finding a strong leader to head the Saudi operations. They have their sights on a specific German-Saudi entrepreneur, Abdulla Elyas, but he has so far declined both of their initial proposals to join Careem. In the backdrop, Uber has developed a successful track record in the West, raising close to $2 billion dollars globally, and has a growing presence in the UAE following its launch there in August 2013. Finding themselves at a crossroads, Olsson and Sheikha must figure out how to address several critical organizational issues, decide how to bring Elyas on board, and ensure a robust strategy to maintain its leadership position in the region.

This case is about Tinder. It discusses different business models and ways of structuring the initial team. With a $6 million investment from IAC/Interactive in 2010, Dinesh Moorjani founded Hatch Labs to build mobile apps. His mission was to attract entrepreneurial talent to work on Lab projects which, after gaining traction, could be acquired by IAC or spun out as independent companies. To pitch talent to work at Hatch, Moorjani laid out a framework to compare the expected returns to founding an independent company versus joining an incubator. While Hatch provided lower levels of equity ownership in a single company, Moorjani argued that the complementary inputs provided by the Lab and the diversification from holding equity in the portfolio of Lab projects made the incubator structure attractive. After growing several projects from different teams, at the end of the case, Moorjani faces two critical choices: Should he support a B2B merchant services business or a dating app, Glow (a disguised name for Tinder). Second, should he go forward with a second Hatch Labs? Was the success of the first Hatch experiment replicable? The case can be supplemented with a startup valuation Exercise (#818-705), and a technical/background note on "Valuing Employee Equity at Early Stage Ventures" (#819-167).

In this note, a chef perceives that a website reviewer is responsible for his slowing business because the reviewer allowed fake reviews about his restaurant to be posted; it follows that the chef would like this behavior to stop.