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The "Moral Complexity in Leadership" series of cases and teaching notes help business instructors harness the power of fiction to prepare students for the moral and ethical dilemmas they will face throughout their careers. Meaningful fiction challenges students intellectually and emotionally; it reveals the inner worlds of human players and enables learning that can be difficult to access through case studies, commentary, or reporting. Through literature, students will wrestle with the kinds of problems they will face as leaders looking to make courageous decisions aligned with their moral codes. The works in this series represent a wide range of settings, viewpoints, and cultural frameworks; the characters are complex and contradictory, and the systems within which they operate (whether family, organizational, or cultural) influence them in varied ways. They have been taught to executive, full- and part-time MBA student audiences for many years. The series aims to increase students' understanding of moral frameworks and enhance their skills in facilitating and participating in healthy and productive dialogue about complex and provocative issues. This installment of the series examines Raymond Carver's "A Small, Good Thing," in which married couple Howard and Ann find comfort from an unexpected source after losing their son. In the story, their child is hit by a car on the morning of his birthday and later dies. As his parents grieve, they receive threatening phone calls from a baker who is angry that Ann never picked up the cake she ordered. Once the baker discovers their son has died, he apologizes and they talk into the morning of loneliness and grief. Carver's story examines how humans sometimes fail to communicate effectively due to misinterpreted context.

The case is set in November 2021 and traces the journey of a unique women-led collective-Weavers Resource Bridge (led by Talish Ray and her fellow handloom enthusiasts)-that provided much-needed financial support to a community of weavers across India during the COVID-19 crisis. These weavers hailed from different parts of India and were masters of their art forms, but due to lack of capital and patronage, were slowly losing touch with their art because they were forced to take up other work to sustain themselves and their families. In the short span of six months, this volunteer group raised a whopping INR 15 million (about US$198,642). Because it was a time-intensive undertaking, only a limited number of weavers could be supported directly by the Bridge. Though they had exceeded the preset goal and helped the weavers become financially stable once again, the women from the Bridge wanted to ensure that the weavers continued to produce irreplaceable art, which was their forte, and find buyers regularly. As Ray thought of scaling up this initiative, an idea for a nonprofit emerged, whose goals would be to bridge the skill gap among artists and ready them for the 21st century marketplace while simultaneously educating patrons. This meant that processes had to be put in place for long-term sustainability and weavers had to be taught the technical skills to use online platforms and sustain sales across borders. Even as Ray wondered about the fundamental values that would guide this nonprofit and the operating model necessary to foster its growth, she worried about the nagging problem of capital. What Ray had achieved was just a drop in the ocean. How could these artisans be provisioned with the much-needed capital support to sustain their craft and ensure that this invaluable inter-generational knowledge was transmitted, contributing to the country's intangible cultural heritage?

Boards of directors have important responsibilities in the context of top management succession processes. However, their role has not been sufficiently studied in the setting of family-controlled firms. Meanwhile, family executives often play a major role in the performance of family firms. In fact, replacing those family managers has important implications and needs to be treated as a priority by boards of directors. In this industry note, we explore the unique challenges that succession processes pose for the boards of family firms. We conclude that boards of directors should be particularly conscious of the need for planning, coordinating, and overseeing succession processes to meet both the business challenges and the controlling family's expectations.

This technical note introduces the concept of applying subtractive thinking to problem-solving. The essential work of almost any employee in an organization is to solve problems and make something better. And more often than not, the tendency is to add to what currently exists, not take something away. This note shares obstacles to the use of subtractive ideas for transformations and changes, as well as the advantages of removing complexity. It offers an overview of the problem-solving process, from mental representation of the initial situation, through brainstorming possible transformations, to conceiving of various goals.

Many companies lose significant revenue to counterfeiters who sell fake products that look identical to the real thing and unscrupulous supply chain partners who divert legitimate products for unauthorized sale on the black market. To effectively combat illicit trade, leaders need to embrace a multilayered approach that includes keeping tabs on the upstream supply chain, using traceable packaging, and educating consumers.

It was the autumn of 2022, and Payal Tekchandani, cofounder and partner of The Wedding Clinic (TWC), sat down with her operations team in Pune, Maharashtra, to discuss the plan of action for the upcoming quarter. She had established TWC in 2017. It was a unique offering in medical aesthetics that enabled brides, bridegrooms, and their families to enjoy the best of skin and hair treatments. Payal's entrepreneurial journey included managing operations for diverse and unrelated businesses. She had stepped in to take charge of her family business nine years ago. Three distinct business entities-TWC, Tender Skin Products Pvt Ltd. (TSPPL), and Tender Skin International Cosmetology Academy (TSICA)-operated under the umbrella of Tender Skin International (TSI), a multispecialty skin clinic founded by her mother, Dr. Sonia Tekchandani, in 2003 in Mumbai. TSI also trained beauticians in skincare and manufactured skin care products. Using company-owned clinics, they had bootstrapped the business without external funding. Each clinic required high capital expenditure for operating and purchasing, and installing the machinery. Since Payal took over, business service revenues had quadrupled. However, given the dynamics of the changing business environment, the pandemic, and changing consumer behavior, it was time for Payal to rethink the business interlinkages. She wished to scale the clinics' operations and was facing a dilemma: should she open another center in Mumbai or focus on other cities? The latter option would mean seeking funding and adopting the franchise store model across the country.

Tina Garg, founder and CEO of a creative agency, Pink Lemonade, reflects upon her entrepreneurial journey of establishing a brand, growing the business from a small to a midsized firm, and partnering and scaling up to become a global firm. While planning for growth and expansion, she was at the critical juncture of rethinking her strategy. Garg faced the dilemma of positioning her firm differently while scaling up consistently across pricing, people, processes, and operations. Case A discusses how Pink Lemonade transitioned from a boutique communication agency to a strategic brand partner. It delves into the decision-making dilemmas that Garg faced while growing the firm and the actions needed to reposition the organization during the pandemic. Having worked on prestigious projects, she aimed to grow the ticket size of business engagements with existing clients. Garg confronted several challenges in scaling the business, as well as the risk of diluting the distinct organizational culture she had created over the years.

Tina Garg, founder and CEO of a creative agency, Pink Lemonade, reflects upon her entrepreneurial journey of establishing a brand, growing the business from a small to a midsized firm, and partnering and scaling up to become a global firm. While planning for growth and expansion, she was at the critical juncture of rethinking her strategy. Garg faced the dilemma of positioning her firm differently while scaling up consistently across pricing, people, processes, and operations. Case B discusses how Pink Lemonade grew its business model and transformed its organizational structure. Strategy became a part of each vertical and each engagement with clients. Pink Lemonade adhered to the new normal of working with a hybrid workforce. The case discusses the changes introduced by Garg in pivoting the organization and taking business overseas, leaving the reader wondering if this would be a sustainable business model for Garg in the future.

The Miccosukee Indians, a small tribe of indigenous people in South Florida, have a long-standing interest in protecting the land, waterways, and habitats of the Everglades, their ancestral home, which serves as a watershed for urban areas in Miami-Dade County and a defense against climate change. For many years, the Everglades were threatened by suburban development and oil drilling. Recently, tribal members had engaged in various actions to increase awareness and reduce harm, including a protest march, use of the arts, and restoring habitats for fish, while also lobbying public officials and joining with environmental groups. Now, Curtis Osceola, chief of staff to the newly elected tribal chairman, assessed the value of actions to date and considered wanted what kinds of coalitions the tribe should join or convene for greater impact on Everglades restoration and climate change mitigation.

In the spring of 2021, Raymond (Ray) Jefferson applied for a job in President Joseph Biden's administration. Ten years earlier, false allegations were used to force him to resign from his prior U.S. government position as Assistant Secretary of Labor for Veterans' Employment and Training (VETS) in the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL). Two employees had accused him of ethical violations in hiring and procurement decisions, including pressuring subordinates into extending contracts to his alleged personal associates. The DOL Office of the Inspector General (OIG), headed by an interim inspector general, supported their claims. The Deputy Secretary of Labor gave Jefferson four hours to resign or be terminated. Jefferson filed a federal lawsuit against the U.S. government to clear his name, which he pursued for eight years at the expense of his entire life savings. Why, after such a traumatic and debilitating experience, would Jefferson want to pursue a career in public service again? The case explores Jefferson's personal and professional journey from upstate New York to West Point to the Obama administration, and how he faced and addressed adversity at several junctures in his life. The case allows instructors to discuss resilience, career pathways and derailment, leadership style, and the pursuit of passion.

This case examines the 2020 pricing decision for the master recordings of Taylor Swift's first six albums in consideration of a sale of the recordings by music executive Scooter Braun to Shamrock Capital (Shamrock), an investment company owned by the Roy E. Disney family. Swift, the most listened-to musician in the world, had expressed displeasure with Braun's ownership of her masters and a desire to own the recordings herself-even threatening to rerecord new versions of the master recordings. Inez Reynolds, an analyst at Shamrock, has been tasked with estimating the value of the masters and recommending how to advise the partners at Shamrock regarding a bid to Braun. The case provides a context for introducing students to firm valuation using discounted-cash-flow (DCF), market multiples, and the perpetuity model for terminal value estimation. The case is intended to provide a bridge between project valuation and firm valuation in a corporate finance course. This case is designed to be taught at Darden in the core finance curriculum as an introduction to firm valuation.

Spreadsheet Supplement for Case UV8739

In March 2020, the Government of India announced a nationwide lockdown to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Only organizations deemed to be working in essential services were allowed to continue operating. This lockdown lasted until May 2020, during which time companies faced transportation restrictions, supply chain issues, and staffing challenges, among others. Despite this, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd. (ONGC) managed to achieve crude oil production and profits similar to the previous year. However, the company battled crises both onshore and offshore as it fought to care for its employees and their families amid lockdown conditions.<br><br>Two years later, the organizational stress and personal toll exacted by the nation's lockdown still haunted the group. However, while the events had been traumatic and arduous, they also offered potential lessons for the company, something that the management team was interested in. What capabilities had aided the company during the lockdowns? ONGC's Human Resources Director, Dr. Alka Mittal, wanted to understand how employees had coped and managed during the lockdowns so she could formulate a future-oriented "People Strategy Plan" to combat potential similar future crises. However, she was also worried that revisiting such intense experiences could bring strong negative emotions to the forefront and increase employee stress, thereby decreasing morale and job satisfaction. ONGC's management needed to determine how best to handle the situation so that it could prepare for future crises without damaging its existing relationship with employees.

The managing director of Leosb Private Limited has to select a distribution channel for his factory-produced roti (a flat bread popular in India) in the city of Hyderabad, a large metropolitan city in India. In July 2022, he considered the best distribution channel, which would offer access to retail consumers, and be cost effective, easy to scale, and expandable to related product categories. His options were using one or more distributors, selling to modern trade outlets, developing a sales team to sell directly to retail outlets, or selling directly to the consumer through Leosb's website and mobile app. He was running out of funds, so his time was limited.

On April 12, 2022, a devastating mudslide covered 87 hectares of the Toyota South Africa Motors factory located in Durban, South Africa. The company's president and chief executive officer was facing various immediate issues including mud flooding of the plant, employees stranded within the plant, growing concerns over electrical shorting and possible electrocution due to rising water levels, and the plant's closure in response to the flooding. As a result of the flooding, the plant had to shut down for five months, which deeply impacted the entire supply chain of original equipment manufacturers and dealers who depended on Toyota South Africa Motors for their sustainability. The consequences of a prolonged plant closure could affect multiple stakeholders, including 8,000 employees and the larger South African economy. Toyota South Africa Motors contributed approximately 130,000 Toyota vehicles per year for the local market and for global export. The company's president needed to contain the immediate crisis and work with Toyota South Africa Motors stakeholders to lead a substantial recovery from the disaster.

In late 2021, Vahe Dombalagian, a managing director at Madison Dearborn Partners (MDP), contacted MoneyGram International Inc. (MoneyGram) chief executive officer Alex Holmes to discuss the middle-market private equity (PE) firm's potential interest in a transaction with MoneyGram. MoneyGram was a global leader in the cross-border peer-to-peer (P2P) payment market, working to transition to the fast-growing digital payment market amid the emergence of low-cost financial technology competitors.<br><br>The case provides a discussion about deal evaluation metrics used by leveraged buyout (LBO) PE firms and provides necessary information to construct an LBO model to calculate the internal rate of return (IRR) and multiple of invested capital (MOIC) to determine an appropriate offer.<br><br>MDP was granted access to internal MoneyGram information and met with firm representatives as it worked with its financial advisers to obtain a debt commitment letter. The banks agreed to fund a debt financing package, and MoneyGram notified bidders that definitive acquisition proposals needed to be received by January 24, 2022. The MDP deal team needed to work quickly to finalize their offer.

Spreadsheet Supplement for Case W32220

This case focused on rapid prototyping in a startup company. Two students, Isaac Lewis and Nathaniel Herring, both suffered should injuries and had difficulty finding the right equipment for their rehab stints. As part of the Master's in Entrepreneurial Leadership degree program at Babson College, the two went into an extensive discovery and prototyping process to create a product to assist in that rehab. The case describes their process and ends with them having to make a launch decision.

This white paper examines pricing strategy and methods to determine target customers' willingness to pay (WTP). It examines the role of qualitative research and quantitative research to identify market opportunities and to determine the price point that best matches the WTP. The note uses examples of different consumer products to demonstrate the pricing decision exercise.