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An impact assessment enables organizations to assess the wider impact of their activities on stakeholders, beyond the financial impacts. By assessing all impacts, managers can make better decisions, leading to a more positive impact; reduce their organizations’ negative impacts; and identify creative ways to capture the social and environmental value their organizations create. Organizations can undertake an impact assessment on themselves or on organizations in which they invest or plan to invest. This note explains the fundamentals of impact assessment, including what an impact assessment is, how to assess impact, and the main frameworks used to assess impact.

On April 10, 2018, after his morning meeting about the Goodman School of Business expansion project, the site superintendent for the project realized he should consider reworking the schedule for the remainder of the expansion project. The plan had the renovation work in the main hallways scheduled to be done in fall 2018, but the hallways would be used to access all classrooms during that semester. During classroom changeover times, 1,200+ students could be in the hallways, so if construction was underway at that time there could be delays, and traffic flow would be impeded. The challenge for the site superintendent, having already committed to finishing the renovation of eight classrooms and an entire floor of offices before the start of fall classes, was determining whether all the sub-trades involved in the project had capacity and could be coordinated in a way that would result in the completion of the hallways on time for the fall semester.

Following the successful launch of Beau’s All Natural Brewing Company (Beau’s) in all 10 Canadian provinces, the craft brewer had its sights set on the next step forward: international markets. The brewery wanted to distribute Beau’s internationally, and agents from numerous distribution agencies had contacted the export manager about the United States and Europe. The export manager was also considering Asian markets as an opportunity to get in on the ground floor of that emerging market. In his view, this market was less congested than the competitive European and American craft beer markets. While market selection was an important consideration, the export manager wondered about how to pursue international growth as a viable strategic option for a craft brewer. Did exporting craft beer make sense? With Beau’s being Canada’s largest producer of organic craft beer, the export manager knew that he had to determine the strategic fit for Beau’s growth aspirations in advance of meetings with prospective agents.

Microsoft Project File for product 8B20D012.

Spreadsheet for product 8B20D012.

In September 2019, the founder of Carmién Tea, based in South Africa’s Western Cape province, faced a dilemma. Her company, founded in 1998, was a producer and supplier rooibos tea, which was unique to the mountainous area north of Cape Town. After a new South African government was elected in 1994, the deregulation of the agricultural industry enabled the founder to start a rooibos export company. This political environment and the founder's entrepreneurial orientation shaped both the firm’s origins and its early internationalization. As 98 per cent of the company’s sales were being exported and 84 per cent were still sold as bulk, the founder needed to determine whether the company had the resources and capabilities to ensure that the Carmién Tea brand and its value-added sales would grow in an increasingly competitive international environment. Where should she begin?

In 2018, the group president of Sapna Book House, operating in two South India states, was determined to take the family business to the next growth level. However, he was concerned about the threats and challenges posed by a rapidly changing competitive environment. As a third generation entrepreneur, he had executed some of the initiatives planned by his father and uncles, and had upgraded the technology to reach existing and new technology-savvy customers. His future plan was to increase the number of stores fivefold by 2020 and make the company a global brand. He believed that adding professional employees, rather than only family members, to the management team of the business was the only way to ensure the massive expansion and growth that would enable the top management family members to focus on strategic decisions and business resources, while allowing professionals to carry out routine tasks. Another issue of concern was how to raise funds from external sources to support his plan for growth, which most family members opposed.

As an e-commerce logistics manager at the national grocery store chain TrixMag, Jim Vector was continually seeking efficiency improvements in the company’s supply chain. Following positive trends in the online grocery segment, Vector was specifically exploring the idea of upgrading parts of TrixMag’s intralogistics warehouse system for more efficient throughput. Well versed in the growing world of e-commerce, Vector knew that TrixMag’s warehouses would soon be experiencing tremendous consumer pressures. Competition was also mounting: if Vector’s segment could not reduce costs, TrixMag would not have the capabilities to maintain the low prices that consumers continually demanded. It had become clear that if Vector did not act soon, TrixMag’s market share would begin to deteriorate.

Instructor Spreadsheet to accompany product 8B20E006.

Student spreadsheet to accompany product 9B20E006.

Frustrated with the available means of working out while travelling, the three founders of PikoGym, a start-up out of Erlangen, Germany, had the idea to build a workout device that allowed users to train anywhere and everywhere. The lightweight and compact solution would be combined with a progressive web application to facilitate customers meeting up for workouts, provide motivation, and build community. PikoGym would be entering a growing but highly competitive and relatively fragmented market. Although competitors’ solutions were similar to PikoGym’s, they lacked the versatility and comfort offered by the latter. The three entrepreneurs wanted to ensure that their intellectual property (IP) management strategy aligned with their business goals and long-term plans for the company’s success.

Huemen was a new men’s cosmetics start-up founded in mid-2018 by two business students. In 2018, the market for men’s makeup was in its infancy. Stigmas and stereotypes dominated ideas about men investing in their appearance, but the founders believed that cosmetics created for male-type skin could improve the confidence of those who chose to use it. Huemen’s go-to-market strategy and positioning would be pivotal to success. The founders and their team scheduled a meeting with an entrepreneur-in-residence at the business school, a seasoned marketing expert with strong corporate and entrepreneurial experience to consider how to position Huemen in a novel market.

Diana Uribe was a successful cultural personality in her native Colombia, best known for her national radio show about world history. Since 2000, the show had aired every Sunday on Caracol Radio, Colombia’s most popular news radio station. On October 9, 2018, Caracol Radio announced to Uribe the unilateral termination of her contract, effective in one week. Uribe felt pressured to act. She knew that her future work opportunities would depend on her ability to remain visible and popular with a diverse audience. The unexpected termination prompted Uribe to think of alternative options to continue to communicate with her audience and ensure continuity for her team. Was the time ripe to move to podcasts?

On November 14, 2017, Aurora Cannabis Inc. (Aurora) made a proposal to CanniMed Therapeutics Inc. (CanniMed) to acquire all of CanniMed’s issued and outstanding common shares in a share exchange that valued CanniMed’s common shares at a premium of almost 30 per cent over the previous day’s share price. In its proposal, Aurora requested a response from CanniMed’s board of directors by November 17, 2018, in the absence of which it intended to launch a formal, hostile takeover bid. Instead of responding to Aurora’s offer, CanniMed’s board of directors issued a news release advising shareholders to take no action regarding Aurora’s bid and announcing that CanniMed had entered into an agreement to wholly acquire Newstrike Resources Inc. (Newstrike). As a result, Aurora took its bid directly to CanniMed shareholders, with a condition that CanniMed terminate the proposed Newstrike acquisition. Now CanniMed investors had to carefully consider their alternatives: should they tender their shares to Aurora’s bid, or should they hold on to their shares according to the CanniMed board’s recommendation and then decide whether to vote in favour of the Newstrike transaction?

In late 2018, a female entrepreneur, the founder and chief executive officer of Candi&Co, South Africa’s first ethnic hair salon franchise faced a dilemma. After launching in 2014, Candi&Co had quickly expanded to five locations. The founder’s priority was to continue to grow the business; however, she had been approached about selling her business to South Africa’s Long4Life investment group, which was acquiring the Sorbet Group’s companies, including Candi&Co. The entrepreneur had set out to change the way consumers felt about their hair, to offer a service they did not believe they deserved, to professionalize an industry, to empower stylists, and to grow the industry in a sustainable manner. Would selling to Long4Life allow her vision to materialize faster than she could do it on her own? Or would she need to break away from the Sorbet Group and continue building her vision alone?

Presentation to accompany product 8B20C027.

In its annual report for the financial year (FY) 2018/19, Reliance Industries Limited reported an unprecedented ₹596.74 billion as other comprehensive income (OCI). The OCI affected the statement of profit and loss (P&L), the balance sheet, and the statement of changes in equity. India converged its accounting standards with the International Financial Reporting Standards, effective FY 2017 onward. The converged accounting standards required an entity to present the statement of P&L and OCI in two sections, with the sum of the two reported as the total comprehensive income. The requirement to present a separate statement of changes in equity was also introduced in India. Though the concept of OCI was new to India, it had been used globally since 1997. The classification of income and expenses to either P&L or OCI as well as the subsequent reclassification of OCI to P&L have remained subjects of debate. The exercise discusses the nature, reporting, and reclassification of OCI, as well as its impact on key financial ratios.

In December 2018, the procurement director at Bombardier Aerostructures (Bombardier) was tasked with deciding whether to support the manufacturing department’s proposal to expand capacity in order to produce the front substructure for the A220 aircraft in house or to instead propose that Bombardier outsource the production of this critical assembly. Demand had been growing steadily for the A220. Engineers had determined that expanding the current production capacity at Bombardier’s headquarters in Montreal, Canada, was the least capital-intensive solution. However, the front substructure was a prime candidate for outsourcing, and the procurement director wanted to be sure she had considered all options before she made a final recommendation to the senior management team in two weeks.

In 2019, a small investor was reviewing her portfolio mix, which included quick-service restaurants. During her research, she learned of new-product launches by two companies: Impossible Foods and Beyond Meat. Both companies produced plant-based products that simulated meat, and both were distributing their products not only in grocery stores but also in quick-service restaurants. Both also used innovative marketing, such as insisting that their products be placed in the meat aisle and not in a separate aisle for plant-based food. The companies suggested their products were better for animals, human health, and the environment than animal-based meat, but faced pushback and regulation. Would plant-based meat be a good investment?

In 2016, the chair of McMaster Family Health Team faced challenges related to differences in operational culture that had emerged at its two clinic sites—Stonechurch Family Health Centre and McMaster Family Practice. The two sites, which had operated independently with relative autonomy for over 30 years, were merged in 2015, in response to a government initiative, a new funding model intended to increase access to primary health care for all Ontarians. The original goal was to operate the two sites under one model, one set of standard operating procedures, and one common governance framework. Over time, however, two distinct team operating cultures evolved organically at the two sites. The identity of both sites was consistent, but they differed in functionality. The chair's goal was to continue growing the clinics, but he needed to decide how best to proceed. Should he allow the two sites to continue operating with different functional cultures, and possibly allow other future sites to also organically develop their own identities and cultures? Or should he proactively influence a standardization plan?