個案資料

Measurements tend to be consistent and translatable across countries, cultures, and languages. If an object's length is measured in feet in the United States, the measurement will need to be converted to meters for those in the United Kingdom to understand. The physical length stays exactly the same; the description of it is what differs. Time, temperature, weight, and distance are all other measurements that are consistent no matter the place and that simply have to be translated. However, value is a measurement that can vary widely within a single country and between countries. Costs and selling prices fluctuate for a number of reasons, which can result in problems when measuring in the same currency, and it's difficult to create an international standard for how to calculate cost. This text examines financial transactions where accounting rules have tried to solve this inconsistency problem and outlines global differences generally and on a country-specific level. Chapter 1 provides an overview of financial measurements, the use of financial transaction information, and historical issues in identifying and recording business transactions; for instance, there were challenges with the various methods of recording business transactions until double-entry bookkeeping was invented. Several concepts are introduced that accountants now use to ensure the information they generate is valid and consistent, including the accruals concept and the going concern concept. A discussion is also offered about whether or not accountants should follow strict rules in their work or if it's more useful to simply apply basic principles; legal and political issues are briefly explored. Inflation causes even more difficulties in identifying, measuring, and recording financial transactions.

• Accounting
• International finance
• Accounting procedures and policies
• Accounting standards
• Accounting methods
• Bookkeeping
• Inflation