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The vast majority of today's business decisions are made with incomplete information and in the face of an uncertain future. While risk can never be completely avoided, there are ways for managers to take uncertainty into account in their strategic planning. Indeed, effective decision making depends on managers clearly understanding what their firm can control and what factors are beyond its control. The systematic identification and assessment of risk, a frank discussion of risk tolerance, and the use of a variety of the techniques described here can go a long way to achieving effective strategic planning in the face of risk. The author outlines seven techniques that can be used to mitigate risk and uncertainty, including risk assessment, risk transfer and scenario analysis.

Focusing on promoting success rather than preventing failure can be a powerful tool for achieving one's goals at the bargaining table. Across two studies, the authors find that 'promotion-focused' negotiators pay greater attention to their goals than do 'prevention-focused' negotiators. Attending to goals not only leads negotiators to strive for and achieve them, and thereby accrue more advantageous distributive outcomes, but it also prevents them from simply settling for minimally-acceptable outcomes and compromises. A 'promotion regulatory focus', defined in the article, leads negotiators to discover mutually beneficial trade-offs and achieve solutions optimal for both parties.

By combining viral-marketing tools with mass marketing, you can extend your reach at minimal cost.

Spreadsheet supplement to case 2066.

In January 2007, "MedNet.com" is a leading website that provides science-based health information free of charge to online visitors. MedNet communicates with traditional web journalism, interactive software, and social media tools such as blogs, video reports and virtual reality tours. The site operates conservatively within the government-regulated health information market. MedNet's business model relies on advertising sales, primarily to pharmaceutical companies. MedNet competes for advertising dollars with large search engines, category specific sites, and clinical trial sites. In 2007, large search engines charge for "results," or "click throughs." Other sites, such as online newspapers, charge for impressions. Advertising campaigns depend on numerous variables (an efficient audience size, audience frame of mind, willingness to complete a transaction, etc.) In the face of fierce advertising competition, MedNet is forced to defend key elements of its business model vis-a-vis a large search engine. However, in defending the advertising value MedNet delivers, MedNet executives may be building the case for why niche sites may be a better investment for the advertiser's budget.

In this three-part case, an established winery's first marketing director is charged with reviving the once-hot brand. Cofounded by an expert winemaker with ties to the famous Château Lafite-Rothschild, Clos Du Val had seen its glory days, with high ratings accompanied by robust sales. During the 1990s, however, sales had begun to lag, though it was unclear why. What should the new marketing director do first? How should the company allocate its marketing budget? A teaching note is available for verified faculty; a multimedia case supplement featuring interviews with the principals is also available.

This case focuses on The Broach Theatre, a nonprofit performing arts theater located in the historic section of downtown Greensboro, NC. The theater offers plays for both adults and children and operates out of a small 166-seat facility that was until 30 years ago a Salvation Army shelter. As the Broach approaches the end of the 2005 season, its 18th year, Director Stephen Gee worries that his loyal audience is aging and he must do something to attract a younger audience and fight strong competition from another, newer theater located nearby. The Broach has done very little marketing, and Gee realizes it needs a revised marketing strategy. He is considering applying for a grant in order to employ a consultant to develop the new strategy.

The case takes place in 2006 and is focussed on Binatone's stabilizer business in Nigeria. Stabilizers are used in many developing countries to transform irregular current (from wall outlets) into a current that is safe for electrical appliances and equipment. Binatone's 1000W stabilizer business was under pressure due to multiple factors. The first source of pressure was that the market had become increasingly price sensitive. The buyers of stabilizers seemed unresponsive to quality differences between different brands in the 1000W category. Second, the market was flooded with low-priced, low quality brands that were not government approved. Finally, the Nigerian government has recently enacted a new set of regulations to ensure the safety of electrical equipment throughout the country. The regulations forced legitimate manufacturers like Binatone to go through a long, expensive and unpredictable approval process. Faced with this situation, management at Binatone was contemplating a number of potential responses to revitalize its 1000W stabilizer business. These included the possibility of changing the standard mark-up policy employed for all Binatone products, the launch of a 1000W stabilizer line extension, and new distribution and communication policies.

The manager of Mobile Media for adidas International is debating what to do, given the sparse amount of traffic to date at the adidas FIFA World Cup mobile portal. By February, there had been only 3,000 visits to the mobile site, compared to the one million visits predicted earlier based on the previous success of a Lucas Films Star Wars mobile campaign. Given that the World Cup is a global event viewed by millions of people in person and more than one billion TV viewers worldwide, it represents a global stage for adidas to promote its brand and communicate its continued involvement and leadership in the sport of football. The manager of Mobile Media is worried that the brand's mobile efforts for this major event could fail miserably.

The manager of Mobile Media for adidas International is debating what to do, given the sparse amount of traffic to date at the adidas FIFA World Cup mobile portal. The (B) case describes the results of a new effort to use a popular portal to advertise the adidas World Cup mobile site. The case can be used to discuss the impact of using different media channels to deliver marketing communications.

Describes the dominant firm in the Korean cosmetics market up to the mid-2000s. Gives background on AmorePacific's historical evolution, its current brands, and the competition it faces from local and international players. Also provides information on the market structure and prominent channels of distribution.

Consumers are slow to notice positive or negative changes in a product's quality, and that could have important implications for your company's marketing plan.

This is an MIT Sloan Management Review article. The way a company views its markets determines what it decides to produce, how it will take those products to market, who it believes its competitors to be, and how large it believes its market opportunities are. Most companies segment along lines defined by the characteristics of their products (category or price) or customers (age, gender, marital status, and income level) since that is the most easily accessible type of data, but product and customer characteristics are poor indicators of customer behavior because that is not how markets are structured from the customer's perspective. Customers simply need to get things done, whether that is fixing their car, staving off boredom, or finding something fun to do with their kids. These situational needs for which customers are looking to "hire" products or services go unnoticed during traditional market research and segmentation. As a result, the true breadth of competition often goes unnoticed too. When companies understand what they are up against in the mind of the customer, they can piece together the real size of the market in which they compete. Using examples from the fast food industry, furniture retailing, the automobile industry, and health care, and citing a wide variety of companies and brands, including FedEx, Starbucks, Google, Blackberry, TurboTax, and OnStar, this article describes the benefits that executives can reap when they segment their markets by job (the risk and cost of innovation is minimized), the methods that those involved in marketing and new product development can use to identify the job-based structure of a market (interviews, surveys, observation, empathic and co-evolution techniques), and how the details of business plans can be made more coherent and focused when innovators understand the job to be done.

This note is designed for use in an MBA marketing research course. It provides an overview of segmentation using K-means clustering. A simple algorithm for K-means clustering and the process of profiling clusters are provided. The note discusses the need for segmentation in marketing and emphasizes the role of managerial judgment in choosing a segmentation policy. Examples from the insurance industry are used in the note.

It is February 2007, exactly three years before Vancouver hosts the 2010 Winter Olympics. Judy Rogers, City Manager for the City of Vancouver and a member of the Board of Directors for Vancouver's Organizing Committee (VANOC), is keen to ensure the Games will have a lasting positive impact on the city and on Canada. However, a recent event reveals that significant social tensions could negatively effect the event and Vancouver's image across the globe, and Rogers will have to find a way to address the growing concerns. More pressingly, Rogers and her team are faced with the task of creating an Olympic Legacy Reserve Fund that could enable the city to achieve its sustainability goals, but involves a significant tax increase for Vancouver's residents and businesses. With the world watching and the clock ticking, there is a lot at stake. How should Rogers respond to these challenges? Allows for an in-depth examination of critical social marketing issues in the context of one of the world's biggest sports events. Provides rich data on the possible benefits and drawbacks for a variety of constituents, including the International Olympic Committee, the host country and city, its businesses, and local residents, and can serve to illustrate the key tensions as well as best practices in social marketing initiatives.

Splash Corporation has been dubbed the next Unilever - not bad for a consumer packaged goods company that was started in a garage in the Philippines no more than 20 years ago. As one of the largest consumer packaged goods companies in the Philippines, it is now considering international expansion options. Should the company tackle the nearby markets of Indonesia and Malaysia, or should it look farther afield at the lucrative markets of Europe and North America? The company is not short of ambition but resources are scarce.

A joint study by the Confederation of Indian Industries and McKinsey forecast the potential of healthcare tourism to amount to US$2.2 billion by 2010. The Indian Government's growing awareness of this lucrative market led to a series of task forces and meetings to finalize decisions on how to develop the country into a major health destination. Allows students to evaluate the industry dynamics and competitive situation in order to develop a proposed positioning and targeting strategy.

When he created Shanghai Tang in 1994, Hong Kong businessman David Tang intended to launch China's first bona-fide luxury brand. In the first few years, Tang's flamboyant, cross-cultural style and ties to celebrities fueled the buzz surrounding the brand. But the brand was unable to establish its core customer outside its home market of Hong Kong, and the company struggled to find a niche among successful, established global luxury brands. In 2005, under new leadership and revised creative direction, Shanghai Tang expanded into several regional markets worldwide, with a particular focus in Asia. But was the company on track to become the first global Chinese luxury brand?

As organizations continue to pursue more global strategies, the need to be able to understand consumers in far away places is increasing. Marketing research is the primary mechanism through which companies understand their current, as well as potential, customers. As companies contemplate the global marketplace, they must consider how domestic market research differs when conducted in international markets. In an effort to help internal client side marketing, research managers design and implement improved international research studies. Briefly discusses the context for international market research and provides a framework for conducting international market research projects. Additionally, presents several factors that should be considered by marketers who engage in global market research studies. These factors represent the variety of challenges that must be addressed in order to conduct research across national borders. Particular attention is paid to the nuances related to primary data collection and questionnaire construction.

In recent years, academics and practitioners have recognized that sponsorship relationships operate as strategic alliances. Additionally, they have emphasized the lack of analytical approaches which allow an understanding of the developmental process of such alliances. In an attempt to fill this gap, examines how key sponsorship characteristics change over different stages of the life cycle (formation, operation, and outcome) to determine the success or failure of the relationship. Specifically, proposes a life cycle model that articulates general paths in sponsorship relationship developmental stages and the behavior pattern of sponsorship characteristics. Throughout this framework, illustrates the reasoning with examples drawn from the UBS/Team Alinghi sponsorship relationship.