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This case examines a fictional hedge fund manager's decision about whether to maintain his fund's position in bitcoin. It provides an opportunity for students to develop an investment thesis for or against bitcoin, evaluate alternative ways to gain exposure to bitcoin, and consider bitcoin's economic function (e.g., as a currency or commodity). The case can be used in an MBA elective course on fintech, capital markets, or investments.

In May 2023, partners from a private equity (PE) fund, Jefferson Capital, and a private (mezzanine) debt fund, Cavalier Capital, need to join forces to design their bid for Williams-Sonoma, Inc., to take the company private. May 2023's market environment looked unfriendly for LBOs: interest rates were steadily climbing as the Federal Reserve was trying to rein in inflation, the risk of the economy entering a recession was high, and banks themselves were under pressure from financial turmoil and were tightening their lending standards. Dealmaking at the top investment banks seemed to have frozen. At the same time, the PE industry was sitting on a record amount of dry power, and players were eager to move from the sidelines into the heat of the investing battle. Investing in iconic home-goods retailer Williams-Sonoma was the biggest opportunity of the year. Jefferson Capital's team knew that its initial 7.05x EBITDA bid was not super competitive. The fund had to apply all of its operational and financial engineering muscles, including expanding its debt financing to include mezzanine debt. Subdued before 2022 when investors had easy access to senior debt, mezzanine financing has regained popularity in early 2023, catalyzed by higher interest rates and reductions in the availability of traditional debt finance. Cavalier Capital and its mezzanine debt fund were perfectly positioned to aid Jefferson Capital in its aspiration to acquire Williams-Sonoma. The case is designed as a platform for a negotiation exercise between equity and mezzanine debt investors who need to put their heads together and form a bid to acquire Williams-Sonoma via an LBO. Students can be separated into paired equity and mezzanine teams. Faces with fixed amount of Tranche A and Tranche B debt (4x to 4.5x, depending on instructor risk appetite), each equity-mezzanine consortium needs to decide the amount of capital it is willing to invest and interest rates and warrant overage for the mezzanine

Spreadsheet supplement for case UV8930.

In December 2022, after the independent film distributing company levelFILM Inc. experienced several box office failures, the company's manager of sales strategy was wondering if the company needed to re-examine its portfolio strategy. Based in Toronto, Ontario, levelFILM Inc. operated in the highly uncertain film industry, in which it was almost impossible to predict how any one film would perform at the box office. The various distributors in the industry employed different strategies for managing risk, including building a large diversified portfolio of projects or pursuing a blockbuster strategy with heavy investment in fewer projects. The company's manager was wondering which strategy would be most appropriate for levelFILM Inc. and how he might use extensive historical data that he had available to determine optimal risk management and investment returns options for the company.

Spreadsheet Supplement for Case W33828

This case examines the 2020 pricing decision for the master recordings of Taylor Swift's first six albums in consideration of a sale of the recordings by music executive Scooter Braun to Shamrock Capital (Shamrock), an investment company owned by the Roy E. Disney family. Swift, the most listened-to musician in the world, had expressed displeasure with Braun's ownership of her masters and a desire to own the recordings herself-even threatening to rerecord new versions of the master recordings. Inez Reynolds, an analyst at Shamrock, has been tasked with estimating the value of the masters and recommending how to advise the partners at Shamrock regarding a bid to Braun. The case provides a context for introducing students to firm valuation using discounted-cash-flow (DCF), market multiples, and the perpetuity model for terminal value estimation. The case is intended to provide a bridge between project valuation and firm valuation in a corporate finance course. This case is designed to be taught at Darden in the core finance curriculum as an introduction to firm valuation.

Spreadsheet Supplement for Case UV8739

In late 2021, Vahe Dombalagian, a managing director at Madison Dearborn Partners (MDP), contacted MoneyGram International Inc. (MoneyGram) chief executive officer Alex Holmes to discuss the middle-market private equity (PE) firm’s potential interest in a transaction with MoneyGram. MoneyGram was a global leader in the cross-border peer-to-peer (P2P) payment market, working to transition to the fast-growing digital payment market amid the emergence of low-cost financial technology competitors.<br><br>The case provides a discussion about deal evaluation metrics used by leveraged buyout (LBO) PE firms and provides necessary information to construct an LBO model to calculate the internal rate of return (IRR) and multiple of invested capital (MOIC) to determine an appropriate offer.<br><br>MDP was granted access to internal MoneyGram information and met with firm representatives as it worked with its financial advisers to obtain a debt commitment letter. The banks agreed to fund a debt financing package, and MoneyGram notified bidders that definitive acquisition proposals needed to be received by January 24, 2022. The MDP deal team needed to work quickly to finalize their offer.

Instructor Spreadsheet to accompany product W32221.

Student Spreadsheet to accompany product W32220.

Clair was founded with a simple mission: to expedite America's workers access to their hard-earned wages. In the headwinds of the COVID-19 pandemic, the startup had successfully raised a seed round of $4.5 million, and within two years the earned wage access (EWA) FinTech had partnered with 10 human capital management system providers to access over 8,000 employers and over 300,000 employees. However, as the economic outlook plummeted and available external capital began to dry up, Clair's founders considered whether other business models offered more attractive prospects for the startup's long-term success. Should Clair stay the course or choose to pivot, and what tradeoffs would each pathway entail? With investors requiring a clear long-term vision and a viable path to profitability, this decision would determine Clair's ability to thrive and fulfill its founding mission.

In December 2021, Valiant Capital Partners (VCP) is in the middle of bidding for Citrix Systems, Inc. (Citrix), to take the company private via a leveraged buyout (LBO). The auction of the renowned desktop-as-a-service (DaaS) company had attracted a number of bidders. VCP's initial bid of $15 billion ($92 per share) had allowed the fund to move to the final bidding round. Now with broader access to the company and its management, VCP has to revise its bid. Mohan Bhargav and William Hill, both with VCP and working on the Citrix deal, learn that Vista Equity Partners (Vista) has partnered with Elliott Investment Management (Elliott) to enter the bidding. Elliott bidding was not a big surprise. This activist investor had a subsidiary private equity (PE) firm created specifically to pursue private investments in mature tech companies. Plus, by December 2021, Elliott had amassed more than 10% of Citrix shares. Joined by Vista, an established leader in the field of technology-focused PE investments, the pair made a formidable opponent. It didn't help that one of Vista's portfolio companies, TIBCO, was a perfect roll-up candidate to pair with Citrix. In this David-versus-Goliath situation, Bhargav and Hill needs to figure out how much higher they can push VCP's bid and what the chances are that the VistaElliott consortium could outbid VCP. The case offers an opportunity for students to (a) evaluate classic LBO structures, cash flows, incentives, returns, and risks; (b) introduce the related roll-up PE investing strategy and associated risk/return investment profiles; and (c) evaluate the role of leverage in LBOs' success.

Spreadsheet Supplement for Case UV8879

Critics of stock buybacks allege that the practice is a form of market manipulation that allows insiders to unfairly profit and sacrifices long-term growth. The authors conducted a large-sample study of stock buybacks over the past 30 years in the U.S. and did not find a correlation between share repurchases and price manipulation, return reversals, excess CEO compensation, or underinvestment. A ban could, however, impose costs on U.S. public companies and other stakeholders.

This article introduces the next major generational evolution of the web: Web3. We review the fundamental evolution of the internet and the web over the past 3 decades, including a brief presentation of the publications in Business Horizons that are important in a discussion of the emergence of Web3. We then discuss what these recent developments mean to organizations, consumers, and the public. Though the degree to which Web3 will be widely adopted is uncertain, these technologies are already creating both exhilarating and terrifying implications for e-commerce, digital media, online social networking, online marketplaces, search engines, supply chain management, and finance, among others. We propose the consideration and management of technical, organizational, and regulatory interoperability for Web3 to deliver on its promises of value and that failure to consider these interoperability components may destroy economic value, consumer confidence, or social issues online. We also call on our fellow researchers to focus on these interoperability issues and how they might impact the positive and negative sides of Web3 technologies to help us understand and shape our Web3 future.

Nonfungible tokens (NFTs) have experienced exponential growth over the past few years. Many companies and creators have experimented with various ways to develop NFT businesses, but often without clear guidance on how NFTs shape property rights and business models. In this article, we examine the roles of NFTs in establishing digital property rights, creating value for creators and collectors, and empowering business model innovation. As NFTs unlock digital property rights, they can spawn new business models centered around digital ownership, portable and composable digital assets, and decentralized communities. We believe our framework can help businesses and creators formulate and implement actionable strategies to create and capture value in NFTs and Web3.

Hope Medicals owner, Shiva Aruguman, was considering entering the online pharmacy market. Hope Medicals was a local pharmacy in Madurai, India’s Tamil Nadu state, and Aruguman was at a strategic crossroads—he had to decide whether to expand into the online pharmacy market. With the challenges (financial and non-financial) of integrating the “brick” and “click” modes of his pharmacy business, Aruguman had to conduct an analysis based on capital budgeting and run a Monte Carlo simulation to determine the potential profitability and risks of such a venture.

Instructor Spreadsheet to accompany product W34714.

Harley-Davidson Inc. (Harley-Davidson), the storied maker of iconic American motorcycles, was on the cusp of issuing its first bond not denominated in US or Canadian dollars-a so-called Reverse Yankee bond issue denominated in euros. Macroeconomic factors suggested that a euro issue could take advantage of the extremely low real rates of return in European markets that resulted from government monetary policies and a weak economy. On the other hand, there were reasons to believe a Harley-Davidson offer might encounter weak demand: the company was struggling with the effects of a trade war between the United States and Europe, its bonds had recently been downgraded, and it had no track record with European offerings. A key question in the case is how to calculate a dollar-equivalent yield on the euro issue so its economic benefit can be determined and compared to a US dollar issue. Using expected spot exchange rates based on inflation (an expected cost of funds) generates a cost of funds lower than the dollar issue, whereas using forward exchange rates based on interest rates (a hedged cost of funds) generates a rate somewhat higher. An analysis of peer company bond offerings suggests that Harley-Davidson is faced with a slightly higher credit spread in Europe, though the spread is not large enough to offset the lower real rate of return associated with a Reverse Yankee bond offering. As is often the case, therefore, the real rate differences across markets cannot be monetized if one hedges borrowing-related currency risk. This may not be a concern for Harley-Davidson, however, as it has substantial sales in Europe. This case can be used in a variety of ways, depending on which elements are emphasized. It has been used successfully at Darden in an MBA-level "International Corporate Finance" class to introduce interest-rate arbitrage and the hedged cost of funds. It could easily be used in a more general course to illustrate parity conditions with some of the