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In mid-2003, as the 10-year anniversary of Harvard Business School's Social Enterprise Initiative approached, the group's faculty and staff decided to analyze its past performance and to formulate its future strategy.

In January 2003, Mr. Ho Kwok Ping ("KP"), the cofounder and chairman of Singapore-based Banyan Tree Hotels & Resorts, was debating whether to take his privately held company public. The company developed and operated several boutique resorts and spas around Asia. What set the company apart in the marketplace, and was an integral part of the Banyan Tree brand, was its strong commitment to protecting the environment, both physical and human, driven by its leaders' passionate belief in behaving ethically and responsibly. The company had major plans for expansion in Asia and around the world. These expansion plans required financing, and one obvious option was to take the company public through an IPO. But KP had his doubts about an IPO. Would investors feel as passionately as he did about the company's pro-environment values and initiatives? Or would he and his managers have to compromise their values to deliver acceptable returns to the company's shareholders? In the current economic climate in Asia and globally, was it the right time to go public?

After leading the Peninsula Community Foundation (PCF) through a period of tremendous growth, its president, Sterling Speirn, is facing the prospect of a decline in the foundation's asset base for the first time in the foundation's history. In addition, the fact that financial service companies had made recent inroads in the market for administering donor-advised funds in recent years, an area that had been a key source for growth for community foundations for the last few decades, compelled Speirn to evaluate PCF's positioning in the market and to consider potential collaboration opportunities with these companies.

BRAC is the world's largest NGO and has recently initiated a number of successful profit-making commercial enterprises, ranging from dairy processing to vegetable exports, as well as a university. Explores the tensions and benefits of a major nonprofit entering the commercial arena and the consequences for the organization.

Corporacion Credito al Menor (CCM) was created to protect young girls at risk from abandonment, poverty, or abuse. The CCM was developed from within Banco BCI, a local bank. The early proponents were the managers of BCI and the bank controller, who provided funds out of their own pockets to finance the nascent institution. Later, the bank contributed with additional funding. Though there was no legal agreement that tied the CCM to Banco BCI, in time a de facto commitment and collaboration developed between the two organizations. The nonprofit grew and faced the challenge of expanding its facilities to other regions of the country. The decision to expand required finding new sources of funding for CCM and considering going beyond the bank's boundaries to seek new donors. However, this latter option might threaten the special relationship forged between CCM and BCI. Illuminates the process by which individual business leaders can become social entrepreneurs.

Autopistas del Sol (AUSOL) was a company that had originated in a partnership constituted in 1994, when it was selected, through a public bidding process, to build and manage two of the main highways in the city of Buenos Aires. The SES Foundation was a nonprofit organization informally founded in 1998 and created by a group of professionals focused on developing informal educational programs for the social integration of poor youngsters. One of its outstanding programs was Community Study Groups (CSG), an initiative it carried out with AUSOL to boost schooling in two of the neighborhoods surrounding one AUSOL-managed highway. The case takes place in late 2001, a few months before the onset of the crisis that impacted Argentina. Focuses on the potential changes and risks entailed for the CSG program by AUSOL's decision to try to look for other sponsoring companies for the program. Although this strategy aimed to ensure program continuity, it also brought about a series of dilemmas for both organizations.

Natura is a company in the personal care, health, and make-up industry in Brazil. In the early 1990s, as part of its "good corporate neighbor" policy, the company made sporadic contributions to the communities surrounding its manufacturing plants and office premises. Natura's collaboration with the Matilde Maria Cremm public school, located near its Itapecerica da Serra plant, followed that pattern as well. By 1992, this association had all the characteristics of a traditional philanthropic collaboration, consisting of cash and in-kind donations made by the company to respond to specific school needs. However, Natura's management was not satisfied and regarded company contributions as patronizing. They approached their school counterparts to propose a new kind of relationship that would yield deeper and sustainable results. Both partners wanted the school to become a transformation agent in its community. They sought the assistance of CENPEC, a civil society organization devoted to strengthening public education. Matilde, a school located in an outer section of a county surrounding the state capital, managed to turn into one of the top five schools in that region of the Sao Paulo state.

Banco Itau was founded in 1945 and is the second largest private bank in Brazil. As part of its social responsibility strategy, it has created a Community Assistance Program aimed at projects in education and health. To carry out this program, the bank has established cross-sector alliances with partners selected for their technical expertise to operate these programs and to establish relations with the communities. One of the two programs--Education & Participation--has helped civil society organizations that assist needy students with supplementary schooling programs. Itau's primary nonprofit partner, CENPEC, is dedicated to research and strengthening public education. CENPEC provides technical direction and establishes contact with community organizations. The program includes the Itau Education & Participation Prize and constitutes one of the most competitive selection processes in Brazil's Third Sector.

In 1997, the Mexican subsidiary of the Groupe Danone, a global actor in the food industry, decided to launch a cause-related marketing campaign jointly with a civil society organization. The chosen partner was the Friendship Home (Casa de la Amistad para Ninos con Cancer, I.A.P.), an organization engaged in providing free medical treatment to low-income children suffering from cancer. Through the campaign, called "Let's Build Their Dreams," the company donated a fraction of the price of each yogurt product sold over a period of time.

In the early 1990s, the Mexican Grupo Bimbo was a leader in the world food industry, operating in 16 countries. In November 1993, Papalote Children's Museum (Papalote Museo del Nino) was created in Mexico City. This civil society organization intended to contribute to children's intellectual and emotional development through interactive and educational games and experiments. Shortly after its creation, the museum entered into a collaborative agreement with Bimbo, and the company agreed to sponsor several exhibitions in exchange for brand exposure on museum premises. Eventually, both parties jointly developed new activities such as the Public School Sponsoring Program, which covered the expenses for low-income children's visits to Papalote Children's Museum. Through sponsorships, the company contributed to several museum programs, such as the "Mobile Papalote"--a traveling version of the museum touring other regions in the country.

In 2002, Telemig Cellular was a mobile telephone company operating in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. The company had founded its operations on the "capillarity" principle: reaching to consumers spread throughout the state to cater to their needs effectively. This principle also applied to the Telemig Institute, the company's social division, which focused on children's and teenagers' rights. To uphold this mission, the institute decided to work for the creation and strengthening of Tutoring Councils (local government bodies in charge of guaranteeing children's rights) and Municipal Councils for Children's and Youths' Rights in the Minas Gerais state. For its Pro-Council Program, the institute gathered civil society organizations from every one of the 12 regions in the state to build the so-called Volunteer Support Groups. Under the institute's leadership and counseling, these groups worked with local administrations and provided operational support for council creation.

Mexico City's Junior League, the Mexican chapter of Junior League International, was a civil society organization founded to promote volunteer work, women's potential, and community enhancement. Tetra Pak was the world's leader in multilayer packaging production. In the mid-1990s, parts of urban waste, such as multilayer packaging containers, were not recycled in Mexico. Every month, Mexico City alone disposed of 35 million containers of this kind, which took 35 years to disintegrate. In 1995, both organizations entered into a partnership to recycle these containers. They jointly launched a program called "Recyclable by Nature" and invited all parties benefiting from multilayer packaging to join, thus sharing the responsibility for their final disposal. The program included manufacturers, marketers, consumers, and even the local administration.

La Nacion was one of the oldest and most prestigious newspapers in Argentina. The Red Solidaria (Solidarity Network) was a volunteer organization founded in 1995 that had succeeded in using mass media to raise funds for various institutions and individuals who needed high-cost medical treatments abroad. Describes the relationship of a news reporting company, traditionally responsive to public welfare and community issues, and a volunteer organization that had engineered new community awareness mechanisms to respond to urgent family or individual needs. The founder of Red Solidaria gradually built ties with various sectors at La Nacion to develop several news "products," which eventually led to a joint venture: the solidarity ads, published daily on the back of the newspaper's classified ads section. NGOs used the new ads to request donations, and individuals used them to offer volunteer work.

Describes the alliance between Farmacias Ahumada S.A. (FASA), the largest drugstore chain in Chile, and the Las Rosas Foundation (Fundacion Las Rosas, or FLR), a nonprofit organization that provides shelter and care to needy elders. The collaboration began in 1997. The board at FASA opted to partner with a NGO to enhance its public image as a good community neighbor. FASA trained its salespeople to ask drugstore customers for a small monetary contribution at store cash registers to benefit FLR. By 2002, fundraising among FASA customers amounted to $381,000, covering approximately 5% of FLR's operating expenses. One half of store purchases resulted in a small donation for FLR. In recent years, FLR underwent remarkable growth. However, this growth called for an increase in financial resources if the institution were to fulfill its mission appropriately. The nonprofit was offered the chance to enter into a new partnership with an international supermarket chain. A new alliance posed a potential risk to the relationship with FASA, and the foundation's vice-president faced a critical decision. The visibility of a new partnership between FLR and the supermarket might make FLR a less attractive partner for the drugstore chain. Addresses issues of alliance development, strategy valuation, and selection of cross-sector collaborations.

Sherron Watkins, who was selected as one of Time magazine's "Person of the Year" for her role as the whistleblower in the Enron scandal, presents her personal opinions on what went wrong at Enron as well as what is wrong with the whole system that this country's equity market relies on to function properly. Not only did Enron's management and consultants fail the company's shareholders and employees, but the market and watchdog agencies also failed to protect shareholder interests as well. The successful functioning of the capitalist system requires the exercise of moral as well as economic and political responsibility.

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is not a new idea. However, CSR has never been more prominent on the corporate agenda than it is today. Examines the pressure for increased corporate attention to CSR and whether it is warranted and likely to be sustained. Differentiates between the business case for CSR and the normative case and concludes that individual firms must assess the extent to which the general business case for CSR applies to their specific circumstances. For some firms, CSR may be a major influence on corporate strategy.

For much of the 20th century, labor and capital fought bitterly for control of the industrialized economy. The titans of industry ultimately won a resounding victory over the unions, but the story doesn't end there. In today's economy, value is largely the product of knowledge and information. Companies cannot generate profits without the ideas, skills, and leadership capabilities of knowledge workers. It's these factors--not technologies, not factories, and certainly not capital--that give the most successful companies their unique advantages. As knowledge workers come to realize this, and see that the demand for their talent outstrips the supply, they are steadily wresting more and more of the profits from shareholders. This time the battle is between the sources of capital and the producers of value, and how it will end is far from clear. With this new battle, we're also witnessing a fundamental change in the political alignment of capital. The Left is now siding with "the common shareholder" against the well-compensated top tier of the labor pool. Shareholders seeing an unprecedented proportion of the return on their investments siphoned off to employees may well ask, Is there no end to it? The growing tensions between shareholders and managers cannot be ignored, and capitalism is at a crossroads--again.

Supplements the (A) case.

Supplements the (A) case.

Neal Keny-Guyer, CEO of Mercy Corps International, built his organization by following the advice of Theodore Roosevelt: "Be smart enough to hire good people and have sense enough to get out of their way." For eight years, Keny-Guyer helped Mercy Corps grow in size and scope and by 2001, delivered $117 million in social programs to people in over 30 countries. Convinced that much of that success had come from empowering front-line managers to lead the agency by pursuing opportunities in the field, he wanted to continue the approach. But, recent experiences in Afghanistan had exposed some weaknesses in Mercy Corps' ability to maintain an entrepreneurial approach in an emergency situation. What had worked so well in an organization of 200 was encountering difficulties now that worldwide staff exceeded 2,000. At a global leadership conference in late October 2002, Keny-Guyer met with his senior leadership team. In addition to wrestling with the political complexities of working in Iraq, he wanted to get their input on how Mercy Corps should respond if they decided it was the right course of action.