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The Mahindra Truck and Bus Division (MTBD) is one of India's leading auto industries. Commercial truck brands such as Tata and Ashok Leyland capture a significant portion of the market share. In the case, we discuss the challenges faced by new commercial vehicle (CV) players such as the MTBD in synchronising supply with demand. The case brings out the supply chain nuances associated with truck manufacturing business, especially from a new entrant's perspective.

Viral Nation, a six-year-old company based in Ontario, was North America's leading influencer marketing company. In March 2020, as the global COVID-19 pandemic struck, the founders of the company were assessing their venture's future growth prospects. Having just received three competing acquisition offers for their company, they needed to make a decision: Should they accept any of the offers, and if so, which one? Or, should they instead continue to grow organically in an increasingly uncertain market environment?

On August 12, 1819, a crew set sail for the Pacific Ocean on a three-year voyage on the Essex whaling ship. On November 20, 1820, a giant sperm whale emerged from the ocean and critically damaged the Essex's starboard hull. The crew consisted of the captain, two officers, three boat steerers, and 13 sailors, most of whom lacked experience. While the captain and officers of the Essex huddled to plan their next move, the crew trusted the first officer to make the crucial decisions about using the ship's three remaining whaleboats for the long voyage home. Surviving the wreckage would not be an easy task; therefore, making the right decisions would be essential for survival. As the ship continued to take in water, the captain and officers had to decide who should go in each whaleboat, what direction they should take, and what provisions they should carry.

In October 2014, José Alberto Vélez, a member of the Board of Directors of Cementos Argos, met with the company's management team to discuss future steps. Two of its largest global competitors, Holcim and Lafarge, had decided to merge, and the decision drove them to disinvest in some key markets, opening up a range of opportunities for Cementos Argos. Vélez proposed an ambitious objective to the Board: expanding from US$2.5bn (hereafter $) to $10bn in revenues by 2030. The Board accepted the idea enthusiastically but questioned how to pursue such challenging growth targets. Several options were on the table, but all involved overseas expansion. "We have to enter new markets", Velez pointed out. "There is no way we can grow if we just stay in the markets where we are, and why should we just defend our position? Let's be ambitious." After a long brainstorming session, the Board decided to take some time and re-adjourn to make a decision within a week. Directors needed to decide whether or not to expand, if so, into which countries and through what means: organic growth or acquisitions. While various markets had been flouted as suitable options, most Board member's minds were focused on four markets: Brazil and Mexico, in Latin America, or the United States and Canada, further North. The company needed to study its alternatives carefully, as its choices would call for substantial resources - capital infusions in the order of hundreds of millions. Such an investment would condition the company's future for several years, for better or worse. Moreover, price wars were common in this industry: a faux pas would leave Argos vulnerable to retaliation by powerful incumbents -a painful scenario which could destroy massive shareholder value.

On November 23, 2018, the US jewellery maker Tiffany & Co. (Tiffany) received the final verdict in a years-long legal battle with the Swiss watchmaker The Swatch Group Ltd. (Swatch), which required Tiffany to pay Swatch millions of Swiss francs in damages (plus additional legal fees). The subject of the conflict was a strategic alliance the two companies had announced in 2007, which had once been called a "historic agreement" and a "pathbreaking strategic move." The alliance's objective was to design and manufacture luxury watches under the Tiffany brand name and distribute them across Swatch's vast retail network and through Tiffany's own stores. How did this once-promising alliance come to be terminated in 2011, less than four years later? What lessons could be derived from the failure of this alliance?

Vijay Sales Ltd., established in 1967, had become one of India's leading retail chains in consumer electronics and appliances by 2020. The company sold products through 102 exclusive stores in northern, western, and southern India and had developed a loyal customer base across wide geographies, particularly among the 40-plus age group. However, the company faced challenges in attracting a younger demographic, specifically millennial customers. To secure its future, the company needed an effective marketing strategy to position it as millennial customers' preferred retail brand for consumer electronics and appliances.

Ashiana Housing Ltd. (Ashiana) was a small real estate developer in India, specializing in mid-priced domestic housing. The company was tightly run and had attracted investment interest from large reputable firms, but its financial performance had recently deteriorated-a state that was reflected in the company's declining share price. The industry was also undergoing change with far-reaching reforms, which was leading to consolidation and the exit of smaller players. Did Ashiana have the right business strategy for the market and was this the right time to invest in the company?

Ireland-based Ryanair DAC (Ryanair) was the largest European low-cost airline, serving approximately 120 million customers in 34 countries in 2016-2017. The airline was considering entering new markets as its growth in existing markets had plateaued. The untapped Ukrainian market offered a huge growth opportunity for Ryanair as the country had recently signed a free-trade agreement with the European Union (EU) and was about to enter a visa-free regime that would increase travel between Ukraine and the EU. However, in July 2017, Boryspil International Airport (KBP) in Kyiv returned a co-signed service agreement that withheld several important terms and breached earlier verbal agreements it had made with Ryanair. KBP didn't want to provide a preferential tariff for Ryanair's flights to London because this would conflict with existing routes. It also insisted on solving disputes in Ukrainian courts rather than in UK courts, as Ryanair preferred. As the airline was confronted by KBP, Ryanair's chief executive officer, Michael O'Leary, needed to decide what to do in order to enter the Ukrainian market: What were the available entry options and entry timing? How should Ryanair proceed?

By May 2020, Rivian Automotive (Rivian), a new electric vehicle (EV) battery manufacturer in the United States, had become a darling of the new battery electric vehicle (EV) market in North America. Rivian had not yet released any products, yet it had customers signed up and waiting in three distinctly different market segments. First 10,000 customers had deposited US$1,000 each for one of Rivian's two electric adventure vehicles. Second, the Ford Motor Company, a Rivian shareholder, had made a commitment to purchase Rivian's advanced electric skateboard powertrain, positioning Rivian as an EV component wholesaler. Finally Amazon.com Inc., also a Rivian shareholder, had pre-ordered 100,000 electric delivery vans. With three different markets, three different sets of customers, and three different commercialization challenges, had Rivian bitten off more than it could chew?

Grupo Argos, the third-largest business group in Colombia, was dedicated to cement production, energy, coal extraction, port management, and real estate development. The President of Grupo Argos was to meet his team to analyze whether its five subsidiaries had the necessary means to increase revenues and reduce portfolio uncertainty. The group considered deepening their core businesses so that by 2023, 80% of EBITDA would be generated by core businesses, 15% from experimental scalable businesses, and without risking the portfolio, the remaining 5% from emerging markets. The goal was for 50% of its revenues to come from operations outside Colombia, 10% from new businesses, and for the cement business to reach revenues of USD 10 billion. The executive committee questioned whether it was best for Grupo Argos to maintain its current portfolio or whether it should divest.

Schiit Audio was a manufacturer of audio equipment in the Los Angeles, California area. The company, which mainly sold its products directly to consumers, experienced consistent growth in the years leading up to 2015. However, in the summer of 2015, the company's founder had three major issues to resolve. First, he was devoting half of his time to a marketing agency he had founded earlier and was increasingly feeling that the arrangement was inadequate to provide the leadership his audio company needed. Second, some suppliers were causing inventory and out-of-stock issues that made it difficult to deliver products to customers on time. Finally, selling products on Amazon Marketplace expanded the company's reach to new customers, but came with drawbacks, including lower margins, high fees, and inventory management difficulties. The founder had to make some decisions for the business venture's path forward.

Eco Femme (EF) was a social enterprise founded in 2010. It developed re-usable cloth sanitary napkins and marketed towards those looking for sustainable products to manage their menstrual hygiene. The enterprise faced several challenges in reaching their target market of poor women in rural India. There was a taboo attached to menstruation and it was thus a difficult topic to discuss. Also, there were popular, commonly used, and easily available substitutes in the market, which were heavily marketed and distributed. EF had narrowed its options down to three broad distribution options-community groups, small convenience stores, and apparel retailers; the team needed to choose and develop a plan.

The OCP Africa illustrates the challenges of entering a market challenged by unfavorable conditions for the target customer - be it infrastructure, access to market, access to finance, education, etc. while at the same time acknowledging the need to respect the environmental mistakes made in other parts of the world - namely unsustainable farming. This forces OCP Africa to pursue a non-traditional, innovative approach to entering the African continent with a partnership-based strategy. The case starts by showing the challenges of the fertilizer market within Africa and the challenges for the farmers to farm in a sustainable manner. It then illustrates how OCP Africa learned from its first experiences in piloting an ecosystem approach in order to align the interests of aggregators, off-takers, input providers, financial institutions and government agencies to allow farmers to learn about sustainable farming and at the same time achieve a higher level of welfare. Business models that leverage public-private and private-private partnerships for social and economic benefits are often discussed theoretically with limited examples of use cases. This case aims to demonstrate through the OCP Africa example, the challenges of establishing and sustaining such partnerships, while taking a stakeholder-centric approach to doing business.

Constrained by both the complexities inherent in the sport and league regulations, the National Football League (NFL) in America has been slow to use analytics capabilities to enhance team performance. This case provides students with a brief introduction to the rules and regulations of American football as well as a history of analytics at the NFL. The case further explores what opportunities exist to derive real value using analytics to create a decision support system for NFL coaches.

In 2020, the largest non-governmental organization in the world, BRAC, headquartered in Dhaka, Bangladesh, has some big problems to tackle. Its founder, Sir Fazle Hasan Abed, has left behind a challenge: take the 1981-founded organization from Bangladesh to every single part of the world and create a global set of programs and program heads. Active in education, health, microfinance and poverty alleviation, BRAC is also entering the humanitarian and relief world through its work with Rohingya refugee camps in Bangladesh. What will be the way forward for this global NGO based in the South?

Case A is set in 2010. Shinji Tanaka is a senior economist at Kyoto Heritage Foundation, a Japanese think tank, and he wondered if Sharp's new manufacturing plant in Sakai could turn the company around. Sharp's vision and innovative culture led it to invest in LCD technology. It played an important role in consigning cathode ray tube technology to the past and eventually outlasted plasma as well. However, Sharp's fortunes started to take a hit as plant construction racked up large debts and profitability declined as the global economy shrank and LCD prices fell due to increased competition. The company responded by doubling down on LCD technology and built a larger and more expensive plant to build more technologically advanced LCD panels. Case B continues in 2016. Technological improvements continued to bring down the prices of LCD panels. Sharp had to be bailed out from its losses twice and was facing bankruptcy again. The company had to decide between two choices. One option was to merge with the Innovation Network Corporation of Japan (INCJ), a government-owned investment fund, to create a national champion. The second one involved doing a deal with Foxconn, a Taiwanese electronics giant that could realise synergies. Which option should Tanaka suggest Sharp to take?

Neat, a fintech company based in Hong Kong, launched its first account in 2016 and has grown up over the years. The company now mainly serves startups and SMEs (small and medium enterprises) by offering credit cards, payment collection, remittance services and startup-tailored solutions. After the outbreak of COVID-19, many countries introduced travel restrictions, lock-down and social distancing measures which gave online businesses including Neat significant growth opportunities. Having successfully secured a US$11 million Series A funding in April and a further US$4 million in August 2020, David Rosa, CEO and co-founder of Neat, is contemplating the next stage of expansion. Should Neat focus on developing new products and services or on expanding the market reach and target developing countries or developed countries? The case describes the business details of Neat, including company background, its products and services on offer and the different options available for its future development. The case helps students understand the different stages of corporate growth and the status quo of fintech companies in Asia. It provides a learning opportunity for students to analyze and discuss different growth strategies, and they will learn the different business environments fintech companies are facing in developing countries and developed countries.

In 2013, Juan Moreno, CEO of Kepler Ltda. (commercial name INTEGRADOC), a Uruguayan company specializing in the provision of software for business process management (BPM) and electronic documents, had to make a set of decisions to achieve the goals agreed under the project of Notifications and Electronic Communications signed with the government of Uruguay. These decisions would have consequences at several levels: particularly, the technical quality of the solution delivered and future scalability, the motivation of its technical team, the satisfaction of the state client, the acceptance by users of the platform, and the likelihood of not achieving the agreed goals for the project (5 installations in operation by 2013). These potential issues would put in jeopardy the continuity of the support provided by the international development entity that was financing this project, which was expected to continue in subsequent years. Moreover, the results of this particular project would set a precedent that would have a great deal of influence on similar larger businesses in the country and the region in the future.

The case proposes to evaluate an investment project in the private sphere of a Peruvian company called INVERSTATE. For this, the requirement is to make a series of decisions related to the best way to carry it out, in order to maximize profitability, specifically regarding three aspects: the location, the investment scale and the alternatives of asset replacement.

Mr. Manuel Aristizábal was the founder of San Basilio, a restaurant that began operations in 2001. Angelina, Manuel's wife, started to work at the family firm on trial. Very soon, however, her organisational and managerial capacities meant that she became completely involved in the business. The business' growth was very conservative when Manuel and his wife were in charge. When Martín (their son) returned from studying abroad, he proposed new challenges for the family firm. Martín set up a catering service for San Basilio, led the opening of an additional branch, and began a successful ice cream business. The first two opportunities were leveraged in San Basilio, his parents' business; the new branch and the earnings from the catering service were important economic benefits just for him. Martín is the sole owner of the ice cream business. However, San Basilio's growth started to exceed its operational capacity, and, according to Angelina and Anette (their daughter), its financial performance was at risk. Angelina and Anette were interested in slow growth for the business and in maintaining the family ties, which had weakened due to the Martín's entrepreneurial activities. Martín's proposal to pass the catering service to San Basilio was the straw that broke the camel's back. He had been running it on his own and now wanted his parents to assume control of the whole operation and to give him a commission for the business whose original idea and current performance were the result of Martin's management.