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An international joint venture is a company that is owned by two or more firms of different nationalities. The purpose of most international joint ventures is to allow partners to pool resources and coordinate their efforts in order to achieve results that neither could obtain acting alone. Virtually all multinational enterprises now use international joint ventures. Joint ventures are the mode of choice about 30 per cent of the time by both U.S. and Japanese multinationals. This note reviews the reasons why companies create international joint ventures (for example, to strengthen the existing business, take existing products to foreign markets, bring foreign products to local markets, and diversify into a new business) and examines specific types of joint ventures (for example, research and development; raw material and component supply; and marketing and distribution). It then considers some guidelines for international joint venture success.

An international joint venture is a company that is owned by two or more firms of different nationalities. The purpose of most international joint ventures is to allow partners to pool resources and coordinate their efforts in order to achieve results that neither could obtain acting alone. Virtually all multinational enterprises now use international joint ventures. Joint ventures are the mode of choice about 30 per cent of the time by both U.S. and Japanese multinationals. This note reviews the reasons why companies create international joint ventures (for example, to strengthen the existing business, take existing products to foreign markets, bring foreign products to local markets, and diversify into a new business) and examines specific types of joint ventures (for example, research and development; raw material and component supply; and marketing and distribution). It then considers some guidelines for international joint venture success.

This technical notes answers the questions: What does the competitive landscape look like to a given competitor? Which firms does the competitor regard as its chief rivals? Critically, what actions is the competitor likely to take?

By 2016 the explosion of digital advertising was a global phenomenon. And many industry observers believed that programmatic advertising, that is digital advertising allocated through automated marketing systems, was the future of digital advertising. In a programmatic advertising environment, buyers and sellers of online (digital) advertising connected over an exchange buying and selling available inventory. For advertisers, programmatic marketing offered the promise of less costly and more targeted and effective placements. This Primer discusses the programmatic advertising eco-system and the challenges inherent in negotiating this system (e.g., the persistence of ad blocking and the threat of fraud)-as well as future growth opportunities for programmatic advertising.

MBA students are taught to use the expected monetary value (EMV) to evaluate risky opportunities. The reaction of individuals to risk, however, is far more complex. In fact, individuals are rarely found to be consistently risk neutral, risk averse, or risk seeking. They can be all these things, depending on whether the probabilities are small or large or the outcomes are gains or losses. The purpose of this note is to introduce a behavioral model that modifies EMV and does a better job of predicting how individuals evaluate risky prospects. The model builds on the distinction between probabilities and decision weights, as well as the notion of framing and loss aversion, as put forward by prospect theory.

This Note outlines the financials and budgetary considerations associated with the process of developing a real estate deal as well as the importance of understanding how municipal regulations shape the process. This Note will also discuss the various components of a feasibility analysis and a development budget.

This module note for students outlines an approach to help managers deliver on their responsibilities in relation to society. The approach frames these responsibilities in terms of potential harms to third parties beyond investors, customers, and employees. The approach aims to help managers identify relevant harms, analyze their responsibility for harms, and determine an appropriate response. The approach also considers limits on how far managers ought to go to address these harms, emphasizing respect for boundaries relating to political legitimacy and legal authority. The module note was written for students in the first-year course Leadership and Corporate Accountability.

Examines the motivations for franchising. Examines the academic literature in the area and draws implications for franchising patterns. Also provides data on franchising patterns.

This note explains the basics of sampling. It defines and discusses the concepts of random sampling, the law of averages, and the central limit theorem. It covers the sampling of both continuous uncertain quantities (where the sample is summarized by the sample average and sample standard deviation) and categorical variables (where the sample is summarized by the sample proportion). The note carefully explains that the results of random sampling from an infinite population are equivalent to repeated and independent outcomes of an underlying probability distribution.

This note gives students a systematic and comprehensive framework for analyzing and managing competitive advantage. It pays explicit attention to both creating and sustaining advantage and considers both alignment and assets (or resources) as sources of advantage.

In your first year as chief executive officer (CEO), you will encounter a host of management challenges and opportunities-all of which can be navigated more skillfully if you can tap into the insights and perspectives of a handful of seasoned operators and investors. For this reason, your board can have a significant impact on the company's performance. Unfortunately, CEOs often get far less value out of their boards in the first few years than they might otherwise. The purpose of this note is to ensure that CEOs use their boards as effectively and efficiently as possible.

The first module of TEM focuses on business model analysis and lean testing. Your business model defines your company and sets its strategic direction, including customer value proposition, operations, scaling, the context in which the company operates, and so on. Designing and evaluating a business model is a complicated task, given all the considerations that must influence your decisions-external opportunities and threats, internal resources, your goals as a founder as well as your investors' desires, plus laws or obligation to your community or society at large. While not simple, a well-designed and properly tested business model serves as a strong guiding compass for the company and aligns priorities and critical actions.

Describes decision analysis, a systemic approach for analyzing decision problems. A running example illustrates problem structuring (decision trees), probability assessment and endpoint evaluation, folding back the tree as a method of analysis, and sensitivity analysis.

This note gives students a systematic and comprehensive framework for analyzing and influencing market attractiveness. It pays explicit attention to value creation, complements, and the dynamics of market attractiveness. It also includes careful sub-frameworks for analyzing each driver, such as bargaining power or competitive intensity.

Linear regression is a common tool used in statistics and is considered the foundation for most predictive analytics. It creates a line of best fit in a data set and uses that line to explain the relationship between two quantities, which helps forecast future values. This note provides a high-level, non-technical overview of linear regression.

Linear regression is a common tool used in statistics and is considered the foundation for most predictive analytics. It creates a line of best fit in a data set and uses that line to explain the relationship between two quantities, which helps forecast future values. This note provides a high-level, non-technical overview of linear regression.

This note describes virtual reality and augmented reality technologies, and describes the main consumer products on offer in 2016 and their manufacturers. It also surveys existing applications of virtual and augment reality technologies.