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In the fall of 2013, the family-owned Martin Bauer Group, a German-based company and world leader in the business-to-business market for tea and herbal extracts, became interested in the idea of collaborating with the frugal innovation company EinDollarBrille (OneDollarGlasses). The Martin Bauer Group was engaged in multifaceted corporate social responsibility activities, both domestically and abroad. Specifically, it fostered the development and diffusion of frugal innovations, which were affordable products or services developed under strict financial constraints to cater to low-income individuals in emerging markets. These companies usually worked in collaboration with partners. One such frugal innovation company, OneDollarGlasses, created durable, yet affordable, eyeglasses for people in the African country of Sudan, a prime sourcing market for the Martin Bauer Group. The work of OneDollarGlasses illustrated the reasons, motivations, and challenges that innovators often faced within developed and emerging markets when engaging in corporate social responsibility activities. Should The Martin Bauer Group work with OneDollarGlasses? Could the company be helpful and make a meaningful difference to the people in emerging markets by collaborating with frugal innovators like OneDollarGlasses? What benefits would there be for the Martin Bauer Group if they do?

Uber was a technology company that relied on its mobile app and word-of-mouth advertising to reach customers interested in its transportation services. It prided itself on being an on-time, stylish, unique, and modern transportation option. However, in 2014, Uber faced many challenges and questions as an industry incumbent. Could its business model succeed despite being heavily reliant on buyers' willingness to pay a substantial premium in some situations? Could the model be sustained and expanded into cities worldwide? How could the regulations protecting the taxi industry be overcome in so many diverse markets? Finally, how could Uber position its business model in a way that would create entry barriers to keep rivals out of the market?

Paytm enjoyed a position as the leader in India's market for mobile wallets, a digital service that enabled payments to be made through mobile devices. Paytm's major client, Uber, which developed and operated a smartphone-based, ride-hailing app as a way to compete with traditional taxi companies, had initially used Paytm's mobile wallet as the sole payment mode for Uber rides in India. However, in 2015 Uber revised its payment policy by adding a variety of payment options, such as debit cards, credit cards, and the addition of several other mobile wallet providers. Did Uber's strategies and plans represent a major concern for Paytm? Amid such changes in the highly competitive digital payment industry, what strategies should Paytm adopt to expand its own offerings and maintain its position as the market leader? What other options could the company pursue to ensure its sustainability and continuous growth?

The case provides a detailed description of the various significant points in time or company milestones, since the launching of the concept, the growth of the franchise in Venezuela, the internationalization process in Europe, and the development of new formats. Each of these landmarks is an opportunity in itself to explain different elements of the Lean Startup method applied to a franchise. The case's focus, along with the strategic decision or choice of the entrepreneurs must make to channel sustainability, is placed on how to validate and manage some of the alternatives chosen. The experience lived by the Decofruta team is an example of how -empirically- a business may resort to a validated learning approach prior to allocating time and resources to develop something that is only in the minds of its creators. It also pinpoints the consequences of investing time, money and passion in a product or service that does not add value to the customer.

Alexander Cooper is gearing up to lead an expansion strategy for the scrappy and super successful car sharing service, Uber. While the company has not been without its controversy, it is making headway in far off places like India. It is looking to scale its model in India, China, and the rest of Southeast Asia, but is increasingly running into regulatory hurdles. Cooper is forced to think hard about what Uber's expansion strategy should be and how it will impact the company's operations. Uber currently markets itself based on word of mouth, but in markets like China where two companies dominate 99% of market share, this may be unrealistic. What path should this sharing economy company take?

In July 2015, PT Trias Indra Saputra (TRIAS), Indonesia's leading welded cable ladder producer, had just won its largest-ever tender bid. The news could get even better if it adopted alternative materials that were potentially more profitable. The production director was tasked with weighing whether TRIAS should fulfill the tender using its traditional supplier or the new materials. While more expensive, the new materials would cut out several production processes and associated costs. However, using the new suppliers presented significant risks. Only two mills, in Korea and Japan, supplied the appropriate material, and both companies presented different prices and import costs. Since TRIAS could be penalized if it did not supply the goods on time, the production manager also had to calculate the likelihood that each company could be delayed in supplying the order and how much that would reduce profits if it happened.

Climate Corporation is a San Francisco-based data analytics company focused on agricultural applications. It was acquired by Monsanto in 2013. In 2015, Climate's decision support platform was used on 75 million acres of farmland in the U.S.; however, most of those acres were "free" acres. To build a viable business, Climate had to convince farmers to subscribe to and pay for premium offerings. The case describes Climate's technology approach, product offerings, marketing plans, and the competitive environment for "digital agriculture".

This case is intended for an advanced undergraduate course in finance, accounting, or arts management. It has been used successfully with both business and nonbusiness students. Three undergraduate students decide to start a new a cappella singing group with hopes of producing a CD the following year. The case provides opportunities for students to estimate funding needs, conduct scenario and sensitivity analyses, and use this information to develop strategies to accomplish the group's objectives.

Silver Cloud, an industry leader, had acquired the Charles Lake Mill whose management accommodated union demands. As management gave in to union demands, the mill quickly developed a reputation within the industry as a labor-relations nightmare. This reputation was exacerbated by a much-publicized strike. Would all the negative energy and turmoil created by the strike hinder the creation of a new, productive paper mill?

It is September 2013. The new Chinese President Xi Jinping will soon launch his tour in Central Asia. On this tour, the President is deciding whether to launch a grand investment strategy, which he calls "One Belt One Road" (OBOR). Through this plan, he hopes to achieve a range of economic, domestic, and geopolitical goals. Economically, China needs to transition into a growth model that is sustainable but still delivers high growth rates. Domestically, Xi needs to boost the popularity of the Communist Party and consolidate his power relative to other factions. Geopolitically, China is seeking to gain political leverage in Central Asia. Critics of the plan have raised a variety of concerns, including the profitability of the investments, its impact on the government's efforts to transition to a sustainable growth model, and the potential for backlash to the plan's geopolitical ambitions.

This case examines the contexts and outcomes of Bright Food Group's eight overseas merger and acquisition (M&A) initiatives in the food industry in Australia, Europe, New Zealand and the United States from 2010 to 2012. The case provides an opportunity to examine a Chinese state-owned enterprise's overseas M&A strategy, including reasons for M&A targets and challenges in its first steps in global M&A deal making.

Science Fiction World (SFW) was set up in 1979 as a publishing unit of China's state-owned Science and Technology Organization to promote science and technology. For more than three decades, this leading science fiction publisher had survived China's tightly regulated publishing industry. However, with the accelerated technological and social changes sweeping across China, SFW faced new challenges and had to assess how the changes could impact the future sustainability of its print-based book and magazine publishing business.

This case has been set in June 2015, ten months after Unilever had re-launched Lifebuoy soap in Myanmar. The brand had performed exceedingly well, particularly in the metro and urban areas of Myanmar, and Unilever was on-target to achieve its goal of changing the handwashing behaviour of 20 million people in Myanmar by 2020. Despite the challenges of operating in a country where little or no data was available, the Unilever Myanmar team had put together a number of initiatives to make Lifebuoy the number one brand in its category in Myanmar for the future. But was it enough? Did the Lifebuoy proposition resonate with the population? And were Unilever's Sustainable Living Plan initiatives the right activation strategy?

In April 2015, Coromandel International Limited (CIL), a manufacturer of fertilizers based in Chennai, India, requested that the National Bank of India increase CIL's existing short-term finance arrangement. CIL operated 14 state-of-the-art manufacturing facilities across India with a combined installed capacity of four million tonnes per annum and over 2,000 employees. It sold its products through a countrywide dealer network as well as in its own 800 retail chain stores, with plans for aggressive expansion both at home and to various countries in Southeast Asia, Latin America, and Africa. However, CIL was dependent on government subsidies and, because many of its raw materials had to be imported, was also dependent on a positive foreign exchange rate. Over the previous three years, CIL had acquired four fertilizer companies as part of its growth strategy in inorganics. With extended short-term financing, CIL could integrate these companies and take advantage of the resulting synergy. The country head of the Wholesale Banking Group was concerned that CIL's request would exceed the bank's exposure norms on the fertilizer industry as well as the bank's prudential exposure limits on a single borrower. Should the bank accept CIL's request for enhanced short-term borrowing?

In February 2015, Premier Explosives Limited (PEL) was preparing for a sudden expansion. The Indian company was the sixth-largest manufacturer of explosives in the country and also made defence products such as solid propellants and pyrogen igniters. PEL had many prominent customers in the mining industry and defence business, and exported bulk explosives to a number of countries. PEL signed a joint venture agreement with the well-regarded Kalyani Group, to manufacture additional defence products. To fund the expansion, PEL approached the Commercial Bank of India for a preferential allotment of equity shares to mobilize ₹510 million and an enhancement of working capital limits from ₹460 million to ₹740 million. The Central Bank of India's president of the investment banking group perused the proposal, but was presented with a dilemma due to the recent slowdown in the mining and infrastructure sectors -- the main industries that used PEL's products. Given the decline and the associated risks, should the banker reject the funding proposal for PEL to expand?

The Pioneer Academies case looks at the founding and growing of a South African campus of private schools that offered preschool through secondary, and walks through the different considerations as the founder considers potential merger opportunities.

An increasing number of global corporations have experienced negative publicity over complicated tax structures established to minimize their tax burdens. In the case of U.S. companies, there has been a growing outcry over "inversions," a means of restructuring the business so that the U.S. parent was replaced by a foreign parent entity in a nation with lower corporate tax rates. Apple CEO Tim Cook was called to testify regarding Apple's tax strategies by the U.S. Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations in April 2013, and executives from Apple, Google, and Microsoft faced an Australian senate inquiry into their alleged tax avoidance in April 2015. Criticism of corporate tax planning-also called tax avoidance-was dubbed "tax shaming," and even prompted consumer boycotts. Some analysts have suggested that companies begin considering tax policy as an aspect of corporate social responsibility, rather than simply a fiscal decision. Even though many companies are affected by this "tax shaming," a 2014 Ernst & Young survey of 830 tax and finance executives in 25 jurisdictions revealed that most had "little appetite" for directly engaging the media, with 65 percent agreeing (or strongly agreeing) that "engaging with the press on tax issues is a no-win proposition for business" and only 13 percent disagreeing. Results of the study notwithstanding, some companies did indeed respond to public pressure regarding their tax planning; this case describes some of these responses.

ESSA is a Colombian electricity utility company. Its origins date back to the late nineteenth century in the Department of Santander. Its history and evolution comprise various stages. After a first State-owned phase managed by Colombian government, the regional business group Empresas Públicas de Medellín (EPM for its acronym in Spanish) acquired ESSA. EPM was characterized by a sound and successful corporate governance model. ESSA has always showed a deep-rooted sense of attachment to its local community (Santander), has therefore played an influential role and has had major engagement in the development of the Department of Santander. Its acquisition by a group from another Colombian region, Antioquia, confronts ESSA with a series of corporate governance dilemmas, visibly affecting daily management. The case offers the possibility of analyzing and discussing the decisions a general manager must make and the risks he must run when his personal criterion diverges from those of majority shareholders and the perceived interests of his stakeholders (critical dimension in a public utility company). Carlos Alberto Gómez, General Manager at ESSA (the leading character in this case), must analyze the outcome of a bidding process methodology he believes in, yet does not have the approval and full support from the parent company, EPM. He will also need to assess how to obtain financial support from ESSA to sustain and recover a regional icon: the Santander Theatre. The decision is not autonomous, as he must seek the approval from its parent headquarter located in a different department.