個案總覽

This case describes the events and conditions surrounding a critical decision that Masao Yoshida, the plant manager of Tokyo Electric Power Company's (TEPCO's) Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant, must make on March 12, 2011. A day earlier, a massive 9.0 magnitude earthquake hit the region where the power plant was located. This caused significant damage to the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant, disabling both the regular and backup power supply. Without cooling, the nuclear reactors' temperatures would steadily rise, ultimately leading to a meltdown of the reactor core. Yoshida decides to inject fresh water into the reactors using fire engines - a procedure that has never been tried before. He soon recognises that the limited fresh water supply will run out and so decides to replace it with seawater. Less than twenty minutes after the seawater injection has started, Yoshida receives orders from senior management to stop the injection. What should he do?

Rey Holdings Corp. was one of the two leading supermarket chains in Panama, with an estimated 30% market share,39 stores and a five-year aggressive expansion plan. In addition, Rey Holdings held a lower market share in the pharmaceutical and food industries. In 2011, the company was evaluating growth options through: a) point-of-sales and geographical growth; b) expanding product mix and store layout; and c) a strong market entry into the pharmaceutical industry through the acquisition of Metro Corporation.

In 2001, Toshiyuki Inoko founded the Japanese digital artist collaborative, teamLab, with an aim to achieve a balance between art, science, technology and creativity by creating original digital designs. This involves the use of extremely sophisticated digital media work which can be presented via computers, high definition monitors, and/or projections, depending on the space available for installation. From a small group of five friends that set up the company in 2001, teamLab has since grown to over 400 employees working on more than one hundred projects at any point in time. teamLab's business model appeared to have successfully harnessed the creativity and expertise of its people to deliver innovative and imaginative products that were becoming increasingly popular in the market. But how could the company ensure that it did not let the excitement and novelty of their products wear off, as it was this uniqueness that provided them with a strong competitive edge? Moreover, with growth and success came a different set of challenges. The team had grown, which meant that collaboration among the team members would have to be managed far more systematically, and processes would need to be implemented to manage the growing business effectively - but this could also potentially impede an intrinsically disorderly creative process. How best could Inoko successfully manage the spectacular growth of his company and the challenges that came with it, while nurturing the creative spark?

This case describes the challenges faced by Jerry Richardson, the owner of the Carolina Panthers National Football League (NFL) team, following the arrest of one of the team's star players on domestic violence charges. Domestic violence suddenly was a major issue in the NFL after a video became public depicting domestic violence by another famous NFL player. Richardson needs to decide how to deal with the Panther's star player. His considerations include competing stakeholder interests, financial and performance consequences for the team, as well as consequences for his own legacy. The case allows for discussion of challenging trade-offs between financial performance and tackling necessary but difficult change.

This case explores the rise and fall of Nebula Inc., a company that industry experts had originally predicted would become the market leader in the hybrid cloud computing market. In its early days, Nebula seemed like a guaranteed success-the founding team included Chris Kemp, who helped start OpenStack (an open source cloud computing project) during his time at NASA. Top-tier angel and VC investors, including Ted Schlein (Kleiner Perkins Caufield and Byers), Andy Bechtolsheim, and Ram Shriram, backed the company from its onset, and the private cloud computing space appeared to be a hot early-stage market. Nebula launched the first version of its product in the spring of 2013 to great fanfare. Pent-up excitement about the underlying technology contributed to approximately $1 million in first quarter revenue. Management was thrilled and thought they were the ones who had finally cracked the hybrid cloud market. However, sales soon began to slow, and many chose to go with competing and older solutions they understood. Through the eyes of Chris Kemp and Gordon Stitt, this case examines how such a hot company, led by founders with impressive backgrounds and supported by some of the most noteworthy investors in Silicon Valley, got lost on its path to success.

The Healthy Buildings case profiles Janet Rodriguez, CEO and founder of Healthy Buildings, a green building materials supplier. In her role as CEO, Rodriguez faces two difficult issues involving her employees. The first issue deals with Fred Payton, Healthy Buildings's COO, and Marcia Vannis, the company's vice president of marketing. It soon becomes apparent that Payton and Vannis have a tumultuous relationship, with Payton frequently undermining her in front of other employees within the organization, and complaining that Vannis was Rodriguez's "teacher's pet." Rodriguez invites both employees to lunch to talk out their differences, but the result is underwhelming. She must now decide how to help them repair their relationship so that they can all move on with the business of the company. In the second vignette, Rodriguez reads in the weekend paper's police blotter that her vice president of business development, Leslie Dorrin, had been arrested for a DUI on Friday evening. That same morning, Rodriguez receives a call from Dorrin letting her know what happened, at which point Rodriguez must determine how to proceed with the news that one of her valued employees has been charged with a serious offense.

Paez, an Argentine start-up fashion brand, sold traditional alpargatas, a sleepy shoe category that suddenly woke up when U.S. company TOMS borrowed the traditional alpargata design, covered it with fashionable colors and prints, and tied it to a social cause. Paez's founders were keenly aware of the present and future challenges they faced due to the resources and capabilities of their well-capitalized and marketing-savvy competitor. How could a small brand compete against a company that had captured the hearts and minds of consumers? Which brand positioning concept should Paez choose to best capture consumers' attention and interest and compete against TOMS? How would the choice of positioning affect the rollout of Paez' distribution strategy and its product line strategy?

In March 2012, the CEO of Fairbridge Capital considered the pros and cons of the potential acquisition of Thomas Cook India. He believed that Thomas Cook India's two business segments (travel/related services and financial services) had different potential in terms of growth and cash flow generation. Analysts predicted tremendous growth potential in the travel business (although it would require additional investment), while the foreign exchange segment had limited growth potential but generated significant cash flow. Thomas Cook India had changed ownership several times in a short time period, and the stock price had fallen substantially. Would acquiring Thomas Cook India fit the value-investing philosophy rigorously followed by Fairbridge Capital and its parent company, Fairfax Financial? If so, how much should Fairbridge bid? Was Thomas Cook India worth more with two segments or was it better off split into two? Finally, should Fairbridge delist Thomas Cook India or keep it public?

Just Dial was the largest phone and Internet based local search provider in India. The company started providing services in 1996, but the revenues of the company shot up in 2004 with the penetration of telecoms in the Indian market. Several private equity investors funded the growth of Just Dial. Almost 90% of Just Dial revenues came from Tier I cities in India. In order to mark its presence and expand its network to Tier II cities, Just Dial required funds. With funds already raised from private equity investors, Just Dial planned to take the IPO route for further fundraising. In March 2013, Just Dial's IPO was approved by SEBI after five previous unsuccessful attempts - twice on NASDAQ, two aborted filings in India in the last two years and one on a smaller exchange. The case is positioned in May 2013, just a few days before the IPO's launch, when there was a great deal of negative news in the market regarding Just Dial's overvaluation. The business model was completely new and there were no industry comparables in order to do a fair valuation. Analysts in the market repeatedly warned investors, suggesting they avoid the IPO because it was overvalued. Furthermore, they said that it was only meant to provide an exit option for the PE investors. Consequently, investors were sceptical of Just Dial's valuation. With this negative perception prevailing in the market, should Just Dial consider delaying the IPO or lowering the price range (thus reconsidering its valuation)?

Chair of the Minnesota Public Utilities Commission Beverly Jones Heydinger has to decide on the right formula for the Minnesota Value of Solar Tariff (VOST). The calculation is a replacement for net energy metering. If the VOST is too low, then installing solar will become too costly for many. If the VOST is too high, then it will become a subsidy for the solar industry and customers who can already afford solar projects. Students are asked to put themselves in the shoes of the protagonist and find the right balance.

Two engineers founded a start-up for the design and development of Internet of Things and wearable technology products. They received initial seed capital from family in lieu of equity shares. The company developed a product that could be used to search for misplaced items through the user's phone. The product was expected to be ready for mass production in a week. However, in spite of potential huge demand, the company did not have funds for mass production because it used the seed capital on the design and development. The supplier would not produce unless the start-up paid up front. The technology start-up needed to analyze all the available options for funding mass production of its product and choose the most suitable one.

In 2013 Taco Bell, a large U.S. fast food chain, was looking for ways to grow. One of the opportunities the company was considering was adding a line of breakfast foods, something the brand had tried-unsuccessfully-before. There were clear reasons to proceed with the launch, as breakfast offered a completely new meal occasion with tremendous potential. However, there were also notable concerns when it came to operational issues and consumer behavior. Opening for breakfast would increase costs, and getting people to change their morning routine would be difficult. Should Taco Bell risk adding a breakfast menu, or not? This case gives students an opportunity to debate growth and new product opportunities.

Designed for a course in public finance or in transportation, this case describes the financial crisis that, in 2013, loomed over the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA), the transit system serving Philadelphia and four surrounding counties. The difficulties were predominantly in the system's long-inadequate capital budget, which funded maintenance, repair, and replacement costs for the aging legacy system, but these problems were severe enough that they were threatening day-to-day operations. SEPTA had been forced to delay needed reinvestment in the system for so many years that, absent significant new funding, the SEPTA board and general manager warned that they would be forced to shrink its system dramatically over the next 10 years, reducing service in the city of Philadelphia and nearly eliminating suburban commuter rail service. To ground the discussion, the case provides political and structural background about SEPTA, alongside the recent financial history of both operating and capital budgets, allowing students to understand the nature of the funding difficulties that had historically beset the authority. The case also provides enough information on transit finance to support a more general conversation. Case exhibits include demographic and commuting data for the five counties served by SEPTA; fare and subsidy information by mode of transport; fare elasticity by mode of transport; sources of subsidy in both operating and capital budgets; information about the tax burden in Pennsylvania; the projected consequences of abolishing SEPTA for commuting costs, jobs, and property values; and pros and cons of using different kinds of state funding to finance transit. A brief 2-page sequel describes how proponents were eventually able to win legislative approval for additional funding, and what the legislature ultimately chose as its revenue source. Case number 2047.0

The Newlight Technologies case is set at the end of 2013. Newlight has been awarded the Innovation Prize for Biomaterial of the Year by nova-Institut GmbH at the Cologne International Conference on Industrial Biotechnology and Bio-based Plastics & Composites. The company has a small-scale pilot plant using enzyme catalysts to produce a bioplastic resin, PHA, which has a wide range of applications for products in the plastics industry. The pilot plant can produce enough resin to perform product trials for a number of end-users at the same time. The innovative process is the fruit of ten years' research and the result promises to be one of the first biopolymers to be economically competitive with petro-chemical based products on price and performance. The case provides details of the global industry, giving scope and scale information for businesses along the value chain, including market segmentation and resin pricing.

Alberta Ballet, composed of the Alberta Ballet professional dance company and The School of Alberta Ballet, had experienced remarkable success in North America and Europe. However, in 2014, it faced a set of unique problems. Demand for performances from the company had grown so significantly that it was no longer able to accommodate all requests, especially from smaller markets in Alberta. Coupled with increasing demand, operations were fragmented across many locations, including some very expensive leases that were set to expire in 2016. Building a brand-new facility that could house all of the Calgary operations was an option, but was it feasible with the current economic conditions? Furthermore, how could Alberta Ballet better serve secondary markets?

Asahi India Glass Limited faces a situation encountered by many growing companies after having funded its diversification from retained earnings and debt, both in rupees and foreign currency. An over-reliance on borrowed funds without a matching infusion of equity has plunged the company into losses. To reduce its need for financial leverage, the company has issued equity shares on a rights basis, which has helped but is insufficient to reduce its debt burden. The company's management is seeking alternatives to further deleverage the company's capital structure but is finding it difficult due to losses in the recent past, the adverse operating environment created by the global economic crisis and a slowdown in the major segments in which it operates.

CEO Tim Cook is contemplating the source of longer-term growth at Apple.. Since Steve Jobs' death, Cook has successfully led Apple and made it the first company to be worth more than $700 billion. Under Cook's leadership, Apple has largely released derivatives of existing products (e.g., iPhone 6 and 6 Plus, etc.). This has increased Apple's reliance on the iPhone (2/3 revenues), and Apple appears to be following a path to sell complementary products to the iPhone (Beats, Apple Pay, Apple Watch) at the same time that it is pursuing product development (Apple TV, Apple Car). The Apple Watch is the first new product category introduced under Tim Cook. As industry convergence continues, the case also looks at Apple main competitors: Amazon, Google, Microsoft, and Samsung.

The case begins with Roberto Ioriatti, Vice President of Atlantic & Pacific Pricing and Revenue Management at Delta Air Lines, appreciating the diversity of the Delta workforce at the annual Delta Block Party. This is symptomatic of a shift toward a more diverse population in the United States. The party leads to a key question of the case: What should be Delta's strategic response to the changing demographics of the United States, both in terms of products and services? A secondary question of the case is this: How should Delta respond to increased global competition, especially to the threat posed by rapidly expanding airlines from the Middle East such as Etihad Airways, Emirates, and Qatar Airways?

The case outlines the growth of Google: from its beginning at Stanford, to its achieved milestones (becoming profitable, becoming an IPO) and finally to its success attracting competition and inciting government regulation-this, along with technology change, are the current challenges its CEO Larry Page must now face. With Android, Google has successfully shifted from search functionality on personal computers to search functionality on mobile devices and developed an ecosystem of services to attract users. However, Google continues to depend heavily on advertising (which makes up 90 percent of its revenues). Further, as R&D investments are increasing at competing firms, R&D productivity is simultaneously decreasing at Google. The shifting sands of competition and regulation cannot be ignored, and Google faces the prospect of needing both business as well as corporate strategy to better guide its activities.