個案總覽

At the time of the American War of Independence (1776-1783) and for several decades after it, Great Britain dominated the global production of cotton textiles. In fact, Britain became so dominant in textile manufacturing and trading that Manchester, its industrial capital, was nicknamed "Cottonopolis." By contrast, American manufacturing of export-oriented or even tradable-quality cotton textiles was practically nonexistent. This position of relative American backwardness changed with the influence of two prominent individuals: Samuel Slater (1768-1835) and Francis Cabot Lowell (1775-1817). Slater, a skilled British textile machinery engineer helped to develop the country's first cotton spinning mill. Lowell, a member of a prominent New England mercantile family, established the first integrated cotton spinning and weaving facility in what became the city of Lowell, Massachusetts. Together Slater and Lowell brought the sophistication of British industrial revolution technology and introduced innovative methods of factory production to the United States.

By 2013, Google, while not a traditional manufacturer of automobiles, had invested millions of dollars in its self-driving cars which had logged over 500,000 miles of testing. The Google management team faced several questions. Should Google continue to invest in the technology behind self-driving cars? How could Google's core software-based and search business benefit from self-driving car technology? As large auto manufacturers began to invest in automotive technology themselves, could Google compete? Was this investment of time and resources worth it for Google?

The UBS case outlines how individual ambition and lax organisational standards and oversight can lead to consistent unethical behaviour resulting in a crippling loss at a large investment bank. Even though the industry had as recently as 2007 been subject to the ramifications of similar behaviour with Jerome Kerviel's 4.9 billion euros loss at Societe Generale, the UBS case highlights how quickly internal controls and ethical concerns can be overlooked. Intense external concerns, driven by a weakening economy, and institutional pressure, due to declining profits, forced internal controls and thorough explanations to be neglected in order to pursue profit. The case also highlights how weak corporate culture and unclear organisational structure can facilitate unethical behaviour. While individuals in Adoboli's role would be expected to lose money on occasion, personal incentive, both from financial gain and organisational advancement, drove Adoboli to conceal his losses from the bank.

The case looks at the board structure of Research in Motion Limited (RIM) since the probe of the Ontario Securities Commission (OSC) and Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) into the company's stock option granting practices in late 2006. Institutional investors, more specifically Northwest & Ethical Investments LP (NEI), were concerned about RIM's leadership and board structure in 2011 not because of non-compliance with regulations or accounting errors, but because of the drastic fall of the company's share price (see TN-Exhibit 1). Indeed, 2011 was a challenging year for RIM (see TN-Exhibit 2 for a list of events affecting RIM in 2011) as its launch of its tablet PlayBook was not as successful as compared to Apple's iPad 2. There was also increasing competition from Apple's iPhone 4S and other smartphones using the Android platform. In addition, a number of executives left the company in summer and early fall. There was also a service disruption, due to a failure of core switch in RIM's infrastructure, which interrupted email messages and internet services for millions of BlackBerry users over five continents in October 2011. Apart from these serious strategic and operational issues, institutional investors, more specifically NEI, questioned the dominance of executives on RIM's Board and asked for a split of the Chair and Co-CEO roles. In order to avert a showdown with shareholders at the Annual General Meeting (AGM) on July 12, 2011, RIM made an agreement with NEI to establish "a committee of independent directors to study its board structure, the merits of a lead director versus a chair, and the 'business necessity' for the company's co-CEOs to hold 'significant' board-level titles". This sets the theme of the case, i.e., assess RIM's board structure in 2011 and recommend resolutions to be included in the report due on January 31, 2012 to address the governance issues raised by NEI.

This is the "David and Goliath" story of Cooley Distillery, the world's only independent, Irish-owned distiller of Irish whiskey. Against long odds, it survived twenty-five years of brutal competition in the oligopolistic Irish whiskey category of the global spirits industry. Along the way, it began to turn a modest profit and achieved a stellar reputation for quality and innovation in its product offerings. Yet it remained only a niche player. Cooley, a non-listed public company with 290 shareholders, had never paid a dividend, nor seemed in a position to do so for years to come. As 2011 drew to a close, founder and chairman John Teeling, whose family controlled 36% of the outstanding stock in the company, was evaluating a variety of strategic options, which included selling out to a larger multinational player, taking the company private in a management buy-out, partnering in a joint venture with another firm, or continuing to go it alone. Each option had particular challenges. Students must put themselves in Teeling's shoes and decide on the optimal strategy

Telenor Group, based in Norway, experienced stagnating growth in average revenue per user (ARPU) at its 11 subsidiary cellular networks in Europe and Asia. Buying GSM licenses to expand to new markets was now too expensive. Having favoured Telenor Pakistan with more than $1.2 billion of capital expenditure, it was now especially in need of substantial profits from this wholly owned subsidiary. Given this context, Telenor Pakistan and several other subsidiaries were directed to explore diversification avenues. They sought a self-subsisting "growth story." In the case, we follow how the VP Strategy at Telenor Pakistan presented mobile financial services for the "unbanked" as the way forward. However, at the decision point in the case (March 2008), the central bank of Pakistan had sanctioned only a certain set of business models from which the telecommunications company (telco) had to choose one, if it was to provide mobile financial services. A basic constraint was that the venture should be "bankled." There were already various novel mobile financial service models in other emerging markets that were making headlines, such as SMART Money in the Philippines and Vodafones' M-PESA in Kenya. The VP Strategy at Telenor Pakistan had to prepare a presentation to the Board of Directors regarding how to proceed. The major issues and decisions were the following: (1) why and how Telenor Pakistan would achieve a "growth story" by diversifying into financial services; (2) given the peculiarities of the Pakistani market, what type of alliance with a bank should be pursued given the local legal restrictions and the benchmark models in other countries.

Sherry Noonan, a senior business student, is considering purchasing Cavendish Cove Cottages, a complex of 19 cottage rental units marketed to visitors. The property is located in the heart of Cavendish, a very popular tourist destination on Prince Edward Island (PEI), Canada. Sherry must analyze this opportunity as a going concern. This case presents a unique situation: the opportunity to apply business valuation concepts in a small business environment, and from the perspective of a college-age entrepreneur. This case provides the opportunity to utilize the planning, analytical, and decision-making techniques of a prospective entrepreneur who is considering acquiring an existing business. This is complicated by the fact that the business is seasonal and only open a portion of the year. Also affecting the analysis is the deteriorating economic environment that existed at the time of the case (early 2009), leading to the possibility of declining tourist numbers and spending on PEI. While her family may provide some of the financing to purchase the business, the task of raising the additional funds required could prove difficult given Sherry's young age and the very tight credit markets. A thorough analysis of the business's financial situation must be completed, strengths and weaknesses uncovered, and areas for improvement discussed. Yearly sales, expenses, and cash operating earnings must then be forecast, and the value of the business estimated. A recommendation, based on the various tools used to analyze the case information, must then be made. The Instructor's Manual suggests the types of courses the case is suited for, offers a range of discussion questions and teaching formats, and provides a thorough financial analysis of the business opportunity.

. Maria Gonzalez, a unionized employee of Global Communications, was arrested in an off-duty incident involving drugs, guns, and possible pornography. The news account published the names of those arrested, including Maria, but listed her name as Yvonne Gonzalez. Maria, as she was known in the office, was a customer service representative (CSR) at Global. She had access to private information about Global's customers and was the point of contact for them. Gonzalez reported out sick following the arrest and her immediate boss, unaware of the drug bust and Gonzalez's associated arrest, simply thought this was a typical sick-day call-out. Subsequently and quite by accident, Gonzalez's managers learned that her absences were directly related to events at the drug bust. In turn, when she wanted to report back to work, the managers became concerned about what the appropriate course of action should be regarding Gonzalez's behavior. They were troubled by the potential customer and employee impact, as well as negative publicity that could tarnish Global's overall reputation.

VFC's primary purpose is to assist low-income families own vehicles so that they can achieve financial independence. Most of the vehicles VFC awarded to low-income families were donated. To supplement its budget, VFC also established a used car sales business called Freedom Wheels (FW) which soon became a profitable enterprise. Nearly all of FW's profits were transferred to support VFC's mission. Marty Schwartz, President of VFC, believed that allowing FW to retain more of its profits would allow it to grow its used car business which would bring even larger financial benefits to VFC in the long-run. In the short-term, however, this would reduce the number of vehicles awarded to low-income families-a sensitive issue for many members of his board. At the upcoming board meeting, therefore, Schwartz's primary challenge was to present an assessment of the potential impact on the vehicle award program of allowing FW to retain more of its profits, and to recommend what percentage of its profits FW should be allowed to retain. He was also prepared to examine other options for growing VFC's revenue, and to consider the wisdom of spinning-off FW as a separate for-profit entity.

This case describes the challenges faced by the president of an engineering and environmental services consulting firm (Terra Nova Consulting) as it seeks to address deep internal cultural divisions. Terra Nova began as a small niche firm that has expanded through internal growth and mergers to become an elite, international professional services firm. It was founded upon certain values and principles, but has drifted away from these over time, such that younger members perceived a disconnect between its professed and actual culture. Survival as an elite firm will depend upon the ability to repair this divide and convince the next generation to continue the founders' vision or develop a new shared vision.

. Matthew Haertzen, a timber portfolio manager for Cogent Partners, the fund manager for Cambium Global Timberland (a UK listed timber investment fund), was tasked with the analysis of a managed teak plantation in Honduras for potential cumulative investment in the amount of $21-25 million. Matt was evaluating an opportunity from Beyond Forestry, a Honduran Company that employed a unique accelerated teak growth model. This accelerated growth model allowed for harvesting of teak wood in as few as 7-12 years, as compared to 20-30 years for traditional commercial plantations. The demand for teak was growing and the supply was dwindling due to significant restrictions regarding the harvest of native teak forests, which traditionally have a very long growth cycle of 70-80 years. The current supply/demand conditions led to a shortage of teak and created an opportunity for investment in companies who could grow teak in an ongoing, sustainable basis with manageable harvest rotations. Mr. Haertzen needed to perform a capital budgeting analysis, including deriving an appropriate risk-adjusted cost of capital, to use in his investment analysis. He obtained data from Beyond Forestry in Honduras including growth rates of managed teak plantations, teak pricing, and operational expenses necessary to estimate cash flows associated with the managed teak plantations. Of equal importance was an assessment of the many risks associated with the teak plantation investment, given the political and economic environment in a developing market such as Honduras.

The bottom-up "Spaghetti Organization" for pioneering innovation at Oticon was successful growing the top line for almost two decades, but gradually became too fragmented and costly as the company increased in size. The failure of a high cost revolutionary new product launch, together with the appointment of a new president triggered a redesign of the innovation process towards technological innovation in competence domains producing modules that could be assembled into new products designed by brand specific product teams. However, the new innovation process led to frustration and confusion. Learning objectives: Managing change in the approach to innovation. Designing an innovation process adapted to the evolution of technology and organizational size, especially the tension between bottom-up creativity and developing an integrated product portfolio that exploits changing market needs. Understanding the importance of aligning organization and culture to support change (application of the Galbraith Star Model).

Parivar, an IT services firm with a long history of attracting talented people with its family-like culture suddenly faces a spate of resignations among rank-and-file employees. As the vice president of HR tries to figure out what's behind the exodus, the CEO wants to create a brand-new function charged with reinforcing the company's culture. As Parivar prepares for global expansion, is emphasizing the family-like atmosphere the key to retaining employees, or has the company's approach started to become a liability? David A. Garvin, of Harvard Business School, lays out the fictionalized case. Expert commentary comes from Ganesh Natarajan, the vice chairman and CEO of Zensar Technologies (on which the case is loosely based), and from Daisy Dowling, the head of talent development at Blackstone Group.

Parivar, an IT services firm with a long history of attracting talented people with its family-like culture suddenly faces a spate of resignations among rank-and-file employees. As the vice president of HR tries to figure out what's behind the exodus, the CEO wants to create a brand-new function charged with reinforcing the company's culture. As Parivar prepares for global expansion, is emphasizing the family-like atmosphere the key to retaining employees, or has the company's approach started to become a liability? David A. Garvin, of Harvard Business School, lays out the fictionalized case. Expert commentary comes from Ganesh Natarajan, the vice chairman and CEO of Zensar Technologies (on which the case is loosely based), and from Daisy Dowling, the head of talent development at Blackstone Group.

Parivar, an IT services firm with a long history of attracting talented people with its family-like culture suddenly faces a spate of resignations among rank-and-file employees. As the vice president of HR tries to figure out what's behind the exodus, the CEO wants to create a brand-new function charged with reinforcing the company's culture. As Parivar prepares for global expansion, is emphasizing the family-like atmosphere the key to retaining employees, or has the company's approach started to become a liability? David A. Garvin, of Harvard Business School, lays out the fictionalized case. Expert commentary comes from Ganesh Natarajan, the vice chairman and CEO of Zensar Technologies (on which the case is loosely based), and from Daisy Dowling, the head of talent development at Blackstone Group.

A "radar chart" is proposed to visualize where the company needs to improve. It can also be used to support the discussion of any group of executives on the reasons for failure of most strategic initiatives; they may do that by assessing their own company against the six proposed required capabilities and by comparing notes with each other. The six required capabilities are: 1) Companies need to have a clear and well-communicated strategy, with clear and well-communicated strategic priorities, to which strategic initiatives contribute in a clear and well-communicated way. 2) Companies need to have a cadre of executives at different levels selected for their entrepreneurial and action-learning capabilities. 3) Companies need to understand and encourage action-learning and know how to plan execution accordingly. 4) Companies need to have an inclusive approach to execution. 5) Companies need to be serious about follow-through and see it as an essential part of action-learning. 6) Companies need to realize that, in the end, lack of respect for people, is a sure cause for execution failure. These capabilities are described at length in the book Smarter Execution, published by IMD (also available from Amazon UK). Learning objectives: This note is very effective to support a group discussion on the execution capabilities of a company. It can be used by a senior management team before they decide to launch strategic initiatives; it can be used as part of a kick-off workshop when launching a strategic initiative; or it can be used along the way during execution to identify and correct execution frustrations.

As one of the larger and older family-held companies in the US, the J.M. Huber family business had strategically repositioned itself several times since it was founded in 1883. Visionary family leaders and a committed senior management team had transformed the group into an international player with leadership positions in niche markets in its various business portfolios. In 1993 the fourth generation of the family took over leadership of the company: Peter T. Francis became Chairman and CEO. He set a lofty goal for his tenure: "By the year 2010 J.M. Huber will be acknowledged as one of the best run companies in the United States". But times were not always kind. Several years after the company had levered up its balance sheet to complete the largest acquisition in its history, the economic crisis of 2007 hit many of its key markets hard, putting the group under pressure. With the crisis in fl bloom, Huber also faced another significant milestone in its 125-year-old history: the succession of Peter Francis. But true to form, the family rallied behind the company and turned this difficult moment into an opportunity to show its mettle. The Board of Directors did not shy away from the process and selected a non-family executive, Mike Marberry, as the next CEO. How did the Board support him as he took the reins in the midst of the global recession? And how did the family engaged fully with him and, based on his skillful execution, came to trust his vision for the future? After all, the firm had always succeeded in hard times, and they all wanted it be the case again. Learning objectives: Managing the family business and education of the next generation; owner's roles, family governance, family council, inclusiveness, succession process.

Since being incorporated into the Finmeccanica Group, Telespazio has been aligning its personnel policies and practices to those of the parent company. The challenge for the HR team is to foster a strategic and organizational change that will turn a domestic telecommunications firm into a leading global company in satellite solutions and services. The case focuses on the design and implementation of a new performance appraisal system. It starts out with the establishment of a task force to create a new appraisal system from scratch. Next, the case provides a detailed description of the performance appraisal program (What is assessed? Who is in charge? What steps are involved?) and describes the main levers adopted to move from a simple appraisal perspective towards a more multifaceted approach. The case also explains how the system supports the company's shift towards a project-based organization. The first part of the case ends in 2011 when, after six years from the first implementation, the HR team meets to evaluate the results achieved. The strengths and weaknesses of the program are discussed. The second part of the case illustrates the major revisions introduced to the program and brings a new challenge for the HR team: extending the implementation to all of Telespazio's foreign subsidiaries by the end of 2014.

In 2013, TripAdvisor was the most visited online travel site in the world. It hosted a massive repository of information on hotels and travel services, and provided millions of reviews written by consumers. Consumers were becoming increasingly motivated to read and write reviews on TripAdvisor, largely as a means of informing other consumers about their personal experiences, but also to praise or complain to hotels about their experiences. In response, hotels were investing more time and marketing budget on managing the quantity, quality and location of online reviews, with particular attention paid to TripAdvisor.

A fast-growing Macau-based airline backed by private US investors faces a dramatic expropriation in the wake of the first change of head of government since the former Portuguese colony became a Special Administrative Region of China. The case allows students to explore what Foreign Direct Investors can do to foresee a possible expropriation event and what options they might consider to protect themselves ex-ante or fight the outcome ex-post.