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Sara Ferrer launched Zoey Koko in 2017 with the idea of designing bath and body products for young girls and "tweens" (ages 5-12). From the start-up of her venture through the end of 2020, Ferrer had worked as a medical esthetician at a Boston spa as an independent contractor, developing Zoey Koko after work and on the weekends. Ferrer had persevered through a series of setbacks, but not without enduring a lot of stress. After three years of marginal financial performance and zero compensation for her hard work, she had reached a turning point at the end of 2020. Ferrer was unwilling and financially unable to go through another year like 2020. She was committed to deciding by the end of January 2021 whether to continue with Zoey Koko full-time or to wind down her company and pursue a full-time job.

The case features Dax Holding, Managing Director of Mungo Mill, Plettenberg Bay, Western Cape Province, South Africa, considering the decisions he needs to take to scale the business given the market demand for their products. He needs to find a way to resolve the apparent values conflict between a number of factors. Their family business was built around being environmentally conscious, sustainable and valuing the tradition of using antique weaving looms. Intrinsic to this, is the preservation of their traditional craft textile business. This may present a conflict when considering the need to achieve a higher volume of sales through digital distribution channels, which was regarded as an impersonal approach and requiring more efficient machinery.. Central to their distinctiveness as a business is their concern for the environment reflected in an ethos of transparency and eco-friendly production with a focus on organic sourcing of materials such as cotton and bamboo earning them the Global Organic Textile Standard (GOTS) certification. These factors reflect a strong identity and values framework and also includes their commitment to the upliftment of their staff and the local community as evidenced in their "Move" program. As Dax considers various options for growing the business, his concerns revolve around continuing Mungo's growth trajectory whilst retaining their identity as an authentic, sustainable, quality, craft products business.

This topical case covers the period from 2019 to 2022, when Prakash Arunkundrum, head of global operations and sustainability at Logitech, was focusing on reducing the company's carbon footprint. It recounts how he and his team gained internal support to embark on an ambitious carbon labeling initiative and created a transparent methodology to assess, validate and communicate the life cycle carbon value of Logitech's products. The case highlights Logitech's journey to becoming climate positive, based on four key pillars; 1) reducing carbon in its products, 2) transitioning to renewable energies, 3) restoring forests and supporting climate impacted communities, and 4) rethinking how to support and enable reuse. However, Prakash realized that the real hurdle would be gaining industry-wide adoption of carbon labeling by other companies and competitors in the tech sector. Logitech tried to garner support for Carbon Clarity by making its approach open source, by investing significant time and energy to raise awareness about the benefits of carbon labeling, and by holding discussions with interested companies, including competitors. Yet despite interest from other companies, they had not yet committed to supporting Carbon Clarity. Prakash was baffled as to why they would not commit and wondered how to make progress to drive sustainability.

Sunit Raj was the Vice President, Marketing of Schematic Software Company (SSC), a Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) company. He was pondering how to preserve the company's growth momentum it had achieved over the last few years. In the third quarter of 2021, the company's valuation reached USD 25 billion, representing a year-over-year gain of 50%. Within 12 years of operation, it had over 50,000 employees worldwide and over 100,000 paying customers in more than 150 countries. Raj had to decide the company's future direction among new territories, buyer segments and product categories that would bring revenue and aid in sustaining its growth.

In December 2022, Juan Luciano, Chairman and CEO of agribusiness and nutrition giant ADM, considered the next phase of the historic company's future. Beginning in 2011 when he joined as COO and moving into his tenure as CEO in 2015, Luciano led a transformation of ADM from a commodities-focused trading company to a customer-centric solutions firm. Upon coming aboard at ADM, Luciano saw changes in the agribusiness industry that warranted pivots in ADM's business strategy to ensure long-term success. To shepherd the company through a changing industry, Luciano conceptualized three "strategic horizons"-general timeframes to pursue specific goals. The first horizon was aimed at getting ADM financially fit including raising ROIC above WACC and reducing CapEx. The second horizon was characterized by moving closer to customers through identifying global macro-trends and offering corresponding products and services to generate better margins. As part of the second horizon, ADM acquired flavor company and food and beverage solutions provider WILD Flavors which resulted in Luciano creating a Nutrition division that used rapid design-for-market capabilities to create complete product solutions for customers. As a leader, Luciano exhibited the traits of both a learner (e.g., seeking out a variety of perspectives before ultimately making key decisions himself) and a teacher (e.g., utilizing drawings, vivid analogies, and hands-on demonstrations). Luciano needed to define the company's next horizon. He knew his general goal was sustainable growth, but balancing profitability with innovation and pace of change with durability of change could prove challenging in the years to come.

Virgilio "V" Bento, CEO of Sword Health-a startup that provided virtual physical therapy to patients in self-insured firms via AI and sensor technology with supervision by a physical therapist with a doctorate-considered how to increase its U.S. market share. To do so, it could use lower-cost supervisors, such as health coaches; sell a direct-to-consumer product; or work with retailers, among other options. Sword Health's main competitor, the unicorn-valued Hinge Healthcare, had the first-mover advantage, but Sword had FDA clearance, a fuller stack of applications and higher-credentialed supervision. Sword and Hinge charged the same price to the client. How should Sword Health best optimize its business opportunities? This case is suitable both as a general business case for undergraduate and MBA students of any level with focus on strategy, entrepreneurship, digital health, artificial intelligence, muscular skeletal issues, the healthcare industry, and physical therapy.

At EY, Jeff Wong served as chief innovation officer beginning in 2015. In this role, he was responsible for driving innovation and inoculating EY against potential threats to its $45 billion revenue global business. Wong's role advanced and grew with his success in launching initiatives for EY around artificial intelligence, blockchain, Web3, and automation among others. Through it all, Wong built the Global Innovation team at EY from a $5 million budget to hundreds of millions of dollars, returning $5 to $6 to EY for every $1 invested-within a year from when the investment was made.

Shantanu Bhattacharya, Professor of Operations Management at Singapore Management University (SMU), observed how waste in Singapore was incinerated before it was poured into the country's only landfill. The government wanted to maximise the country's limited land resources by using waste-to-energy (WTE) plants that would decrease the volume of waste that was deposited in landfills. Additionally, the heat generated could be used to generate electricity. In 2005, Keppel Seghers was awarded a public-private partnership (PPP) contract to develop the country's fifth WTE plant. This would be the first incineration plant in Singapore to employ technology from a local company. The PPP structure would allow the government to save on the capital outlay and capitalise on private sector expertise. Keppel Seghers would have to ensure that it would be able to provide sufficient incineration capacity. Bhattacharya supported the waste management strategy but knew the landfill had a limited lifespan. He hoped to study more innovative waste management solutions in the future.

Who doesn't feel some anxiety when faced with making a presentation to an audience of practitioners and executives? Presentations are often the most stressful part of a job in business or consulting. Yet anyone can learn to write and present better than they think. As with almost everything in business, there is a process. Based on interviews with practitioners and professors, this note will teach students to engage data, formulate a story, and use key tools to create powerful and compelling presentations. From descriptive statistics to regression to structural equation modeling to machine learning, quantitative analysis requires critical thinking and analytical rigor when it is being synthesized for presentation. Three main elements important to anyone preparing to build a presentation are (1) listening closely to clients, (2) understanding audiences, and (3) storyboarding. Thus an effective process includes asking clients the right questions, understanding how to tell stories, and being open to experimenting and learning to use technical tools efficiently.

This note works best when paired with two other Darden technical notes: ""The IS/LM Model"" (UVA-GEM-0126), and a note that directly supports this one, ""Determinants of Economic Growth"" (UVA-GEM-0202). This note provides a formal mathematical derivation to address recurring questions about the Solow model (see GEM-0202 for details). Using a detailed derivation that starts from the investment equation used in UVA-GEM-0126, it shows why population growth decreases capital per capita. Finally, it argues that productivity growth is the only path for a country to exhibit long-run output growth in per capita terms. Because this note uses mathematical tools to derive the Solow model, it is well beyond what is needed in an MBA program. It simply provides step-by-step derivations of the Solow model for interested readers.

This case is a study of the initial discovery of penicillin and how it came to be a mass-market product. The discovery of penicillin is fascinating first and foremost because of its direct, life-saving benefits and because of the context of World War II that surrounded its rise. Throughout the case, an argument is made for the importance of this invention not only for the society of the 1940s, but for our society today. Students are introduced to a handful of the individuals and institutions involved in the discovery and development of the technology, providing them with the information necessary to consider the people, institutions, and other factors that led to the drug's success. Students consider especially the role of intellectual property during penicillin's rise to success, as well as the cultural and legal differences between Britain and the United States related to the patenting of medical discoveries.

During an Allianz Benelux SA (Allianz) board meeting held in early 2019, Allianz's chief financier officer (CFO) had a profound discussion with Allianz's chief data and analytics officer (CDAO) on improving the company's profit and loss (P&L) statement by targeting problematic cases among disability claims related to Allianz's life insurance product. It appeared that certain claims had very long durations, leading to recurrent payouts surpassing the total amount of premiums. Consequently, there were too many claims that could translate into future losses. If this phenomenon persisted, Allianz could lose millions of dollars in revenues. Therefore, the CFO contacted the CDAO and his data office and requested that the team identify the client segments in which the most problematic cases of disability claims occurred. Additionally, the CFO wanted the data office to build a predictive model that could estimate the duration of a claim, to adapt the premium coverage to specific customer segments.

Spreadsheet Supplement for Case W27373

Although Mary Barra, chief executive officer (CEO) of General Motors Company (GM), had faced her fair share of challenges while leading GM, Tesla Inc. (Tesla) posed a tougher competitive challenge than anything that had come before. Despite groundbreaking progress with electric vehicles (EVs), autonomous driving, and sustainable development, GM was now living in the shadow of Tesla, which, to some extent, had leapfrogged industry incumbents to become the most valuable car manufacturer in the United States. Further, major EV developments from old rivals from Detroit, Europe, and Asia, as well as blooming EV start-ups-some backed by technology giants-only compounded Barra's worries. GM had achieved significant success in adapting to the coming age of EVs, but it also faced a number of questions: Was GM's current strategy sufficient to sustain the company's success? What technologies, capabilities, or products would be needed for GM to thrive in the new era of global mobility?

This case set describes the gale of creative destruction that came with the rise of refrigeration and the creation of a globalized food supply chain, examined through the life of Charles Tellier, a French entrepreneur and inventor of the refrigerated ship that completed the first successful transoceanic shipment of fresh meat. It takes place largely during the mid- to late 19th century, a time of increasing globalization and disruptive social change. Tellier was a visionary inventor who saw refrigeration's potential to transform the world's food supply and improve nutrition and quality of life for the growing middle classes through improved year-round access to high-quality, perishable animal protein. While he was a dedicated and ultimately successful inventor, he struggled to fund his pursuits and manage stakeholders in his endeavors. The A case rests on a pivotal moment when Tellier's refrigerated transport technology showed early promise, but Tellier and the owners of the company disagreed on the appropriate next steps to verify and capitalize on this early success.

This case set describes the gale of creative destruction that came with the rise of refrigeration and the creation of a globalized food supply chain, examined through the life of Charles Tellier, a French entrepreneur and inventor of the refrigerated ship that completed the first successful transoceanic shipment of fresh meat. It takes place largely during the mid- to late 19th century, a time of increasing globalization and disruptive social change. Tellier was a visionary inventor who saw refrigeration's potential to transform the world's food supply and improve nutrition and quality of life for the growing middle classes through improved year-round access to high-quality, perishable animal protein. While he was a dedicated and ultimately successful inventor, he struggled to fund his pursuits and manage stakeholders in his endeavors. The A case rests on a pivotal moment when Tellier's refrigerated transport technology showed early promise, but Tellier and the owners of the company disagreed on the appropriate next steps to verify and capitalize on this early success. This B case offers an epilogue.

Artificial intelligence has been applied successfully in thousands of ways, but one of the less visible and less dramatic ones is improving data management. The authors describe five common areas of data management classifying, cataloging, quality, security, and data integration where they see AI playing important roles. They also discuss the vendor landscape and the ways that humans are essential to data management.