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The B case takes a closer look at the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the revenue losses that ensued for the company.

Groupon, a daily deals platform and Uber Technologies, a ride-hailing and delivery platform, faced a common issue related to a new revenue recognition standard (and later amendments) adopted by most public companies in 2018. The amendments were designed to help companies determine whether the nature of their obligation to customers was to provide the specified goods or services to the customer directly (acting as "principal" and reporting revenues on a gross basis) or to arrange for another party to provide them (acting as "agent" and reporting revenues on a net basis).

In 2007, Braeden Ruud was a sophomore in high school when the United States faced one of its worst pet food contaminations in history. In an effort to protect the family pets, his mom, Mary Ann, began preparing home-cooked pet food using ingredients sourced from the family ranch. It wasn't long after that family and friends began requesting this farm-to-table pet food for their own pets. Braeden entered the Master in Science in Entrepreneurial Leadership program at Babson College in 2015 with the goal of graduating with a full-fledged business. He founded Raised Right, a human-grade pet food company. Over the course of five years, Braeden worked on building Raised Right, launching its first product in 2018, and scaling to over 750 retail locations as of February 2020. With so much success, Braeden was soon challenged with sustaining growth and building Raised Right's market presence in a highly competitive environment.

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A team of researchers found that people who were optimistic about their abilities scored no better than people who doubted themselves on a wide range of tests. And overconfidence, it seems, may even impair performance, especially if it leads to a lack of preparation.

Ernesto Blanco, a leading Venezuelan businessman in the financial sector, was proposing to create a foundation with the aim of promoting the development of the stock market in his country. He wanted this initiative to be aligned with the strategic vision of his business group, as much as possible. However, he did not rule out sponsoring something not directly linked to the line of interest of his organization, if it had an impact on the status quo of the national stock market. Given the wide spectrum of issues that would fit into such an initiative, he decided to focus his efforts by developing a strategic planning exercise run by his old friend Ramón Piñango from the Business Academic Training Center (CAAE). For a day, a group of important opinion-makers from the academic and business worlds helped to think about the challenges of this proposal. These discussions resulted in the design of "four strategic topics" on which the project should focus: ≈ Development of the population's technical and financial capacities ≈ Ability of Venezuelan companies to operate in stock markets ≈ Capacity of the regulatory environment to boost competition ≈ Stimulation of the demand for securities Although Ernesto Blanco was convinced that the strategic planning exercise, run by Piñango, had been a success, he still felt that he had not resolved his greatest concern: where to position his foundation in the thematic area that would have the greatest impact on society, while aligning it with the long-term development interests of his corporate group.

In early 2020, the co-founders of DOUGH T.O, an entrepreneurial venture launched in Toronto, Canada, were evaluating several expansion options. Since its founding in 2017, the brand had expanded its edible cookie dough business from its original pop-up model to one that included online sales and a catering business. The co-founders were considering five options: opening a permanent flagship location, offering franchise rights, distributing product through grocery stores, entering into strategic partnerships, or pursuing a unique, creative option by "thinking outside the box." Regardless of the decision they pursued, the co-founders wanted to pave the way for their company to become a sustainable business.

Yuser Inc. (Yuser) was a young Canadian start-up based in London, Ontario, and focused on developing a gamified media sharing mobile application to help connect businesses with influencers. Yuser's co-founders had released a marketable version of their app at the end of 2019, and in 2020, the company had nearly exhausted its seed funding. Yuser's top priority at this time was to secure outside funding to grow the company fast without breaking it. The available options for funding consisted primarily of three sources: venture capital, equity crowdfunding, and token issuance. As each funding option had its own benefits and drawbacks, Yuser's co-founders had to determine which option or combination of options would work best for their company.

In March 2019, Boeing's 737 MAX aircraft was grounded across the globe following its second crash in five months. Investigations concluded that the sensor in the planes' Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System (MCAS) had failed, leading both aircraft to nosedive downward, crashing and killing all aboard. The public was confused as to how this engineering error occurred, given Boeing's strong history of aerospace achievements. The case traces the main developments in the aircraft manufacturing industry and Boeing's organizational changes over time. How could these changes have affected events leading up to the two 737 MAX crashes?

Southern Implants, a South African dental implants manufacturer, was considering how to diversify its risk. Over the last 30 years, the company had grown from a local manufacturing company and now served customers around the world through distributors and subsidiaries. The founder and managing director was particularly concerned about the final stages of production which involved cleaning, sterilizing, and packing. While Southern Implants had four machine shops across South Africa, the final stages of production involved all items coming back to Southern Implants for these final packaging steps. The managing director wanted to set up another processing cleaning plant abroad, but he wondered what location for this plant would be best. The United States was the largest market for Southern Implants but labour costs were high. Portugal was another option and had an investor-friendly economic environment with no discrimination between domestic and foreign investors. What were the organizational and managerial risks to consider before making this decision?

This case is the first of a two-part series that follows Ramez Sousou and his team at TowerBrook Capital Partners as they face a challenging investment decision in February of 2013. Since its founding, TowerBrook has prided itself on its purpose-driven investing philosophy and responsible ownership practices, seeking to incorporate these ideals in each step of the life cycle of a deal. Thus, the TowerBrook investment process extends beyond financial returns and consideration for the bottom-line. This investment decision was a tough one: some TowerBrook team members were excited about the company's growth potential, while others were concerned about the optics of its social impact. Overall, this case can be used to understand how private equity firms are integrating ESG considerations into their decision-making processes.

This case is the second of a two-part series that follows Ramez Sousou and his team at TowerBrook Capital Partners as they face a challenging investment decision in February of 2013. It is intended to be distributed at the end of the discussion of "TowerBrook: ESG in Action (A)" (HBS No. 221-046). This case describes the outcome of the investment decision and the steps that TowerBrook has taken since 2013 to systematically address ESG considerations across the life cycle of their deals. It also discusses TowerBrook's B Corp certification process.

In 2020, Jennifer and Corey Feist started the Dr. Lorna Breen Heroes' Fund in memory of Jennifer's sister. As the head of the emergency department at a Manhattan hospital, Lorna Breen had treated patients at hospitals overwhelmed by the COVID-19 pandemic, contracted the disease herself, and then tragically taken her own life. The Feists hoped the fund would bring new attention to the desperate need for improved support for health care workers' mental well-being. Now in late summer, it is garnering significant, and increasing, support. The Feists plan to turn the fund into a foundation, but they face decisions about how to accept donations, follow up with donors, and avoid duplicating the efforts of other organizations. Their challenge is to crystallize a long-term mission while maintaining the current fundraising momentum stemming from the media attention surrounding Breen's death. Through this case, students will grapple with difficult issues, including mental health challenges, burnout among health care providers, and suicide. Students also will learn about the challenges of starting a nonprofit and its lifecycle. Finally, they will be able to put practice into action and flesh out the mission for a nonprofit.

Brazil experienced several years of extraordinary economic growth and social development from 2003 to 2014. However, economic and political stability collapsed in 2016, leaving Brazil with the worst economic crisis of its history and a significant political crisis. The case offers a broad perspective of the economic and political structure of Brazil to understand the political and economic conditions necessary for sustained growth and development in Latin America and a BRIC country with a democratic political regime where there are different political forces and electoral and political cycles.

In 2020, NEC focused on providing advanced IT, network, and data solutions, including cloud computing, AI and machine learning, Internet-of-Things platforms, and 5G networks as well as communication equipment installations. An award-winning company, NEC ranked fifth in the world in AI-related patents. The case study describes NEC's pathway towards accelerating in-house innovation, and commercializing what its global labs had invented. In 2013, the company established a Business Innovation Unit (BIU) to boost in-house innovation, and tap into the sense of urgency, risk-taking, and promise of rewards that helped drive technology start-ups elsewhere. In 2018, the BIU formed a Silicon Valley subsidiary called NEC X to structure a new "inside-out" accelerator. By 2020, two start-ups had graduated from the program, and others were well underway. Could NEC X become a trailblazer, creating new standards and processes for "inside-out" accelerators?

This is a two-part case. Case A is set in October 2018, when Zenn Lee, Senior Analyst at a Shanghai-based securities brokerage, was working on the investment advisory to his clients on Kweichow Moutai (KM), the maker of the super-premium Moutai brand of baijiu, a Chinese spirit. The day before, KM's share price had hit the 10% daily limit down and wiped out US$9.3 billion from its valuation. The Moutai brand commanded a premium price in the market because of its iconic image as the 'national drink', its distinct taste, and five-year-long production process that kept the supply depressed against the incessantly soaring demand. In 2012, the Chinese government's 2012 austerity measures had stymied KM's momentum, but by 2017, KM had managed to recoup its revenue growth by adjusting its marketing mix. The comeback was extraordinary; it overtook Diageo to become the world's most valuable liquor company. By 2018 third quarter, KM's prospects had grossly diminished due to the US-China trade spat, economic slowdown, and dampened consumer sentiments. The situation was exacerbated by graft allegations, the government's intervention in pricing matters and a likely tax on alcohol consumption. With the lowest sales growth since 2012, KM's third-quarter results shook its stronghold, and its share price plummeted. Lee speculated on the options ahead of KM to turn around its fortunes - How could it further its revenue and thereby its profitability? Should it pursue opportunities overseas? Case B is set after the 2019 results of KM, when sales had expanded that year by 15.5%, and net profit had increased by 17%. Though not yet matching the level of its pre-2012 growth rate, it was a satisfactory growth rate that had defied the gravity of the broad-based slowdown and dampened consumer sentiments. Lee had to give, once again, his rating for KM's stock, and he wondered what fundamentals were driving the sales of Moutai regardless of the broader economic realities.

This is a two-part case. Case A is set in October 2018, when Zenn Lee, Senior Analyst at a Shanghai-based securities brokerage, was working on the investment advisory to his clients on Kweichow Moutai (KM), the maker of the super-premium Moutai brand of baijiu, a Chinese spirit. The day before, KM's share price had hit the 10% daily limit down and wiped out US$9.3 billion from its valuation. The Moutai brand commanded a premium price in the market because of its iconic image as the 'national drink', its distinct taste, and five-year-long production process that kept the supply depressed against the incessantly soaring demand. In 2012, the Chinese government's 2012 austerity measures had stymied KM's momentum, but by 2017, KM had managed to recoup its revenue growth by adjusting its marketing mix. The comeback was extraordinary; it overtook Diageo to become the world's most valuable liquor company. By 2018 third quarter, KM's prospects had grossly diminished due to the US-China trade spat, economic slowdown, and dampened consumer sentiments. The situation was exacerbated by graft allegations, the government's intervention in pricing matters and a likely tax on alcohol consumption. With the lowest sales growth since 2012, KM's third-quarter results shook its stronghold, and its share price plummeted. Lee speculated on the options ahead of KM to turn around its fortunes - How could it further its revenue and thereby its profitability? Should it pursue opportunities overseas? Case B is set after the 2019 results of KM, when sales had expanded that year by 15.5%, and net profit had increased by 17%. Though not yet matching the level of its pre-2012 growth rate, it was a satisfactory growth rate that had defied the gravity of the broad-based slowdown and dampened consumer sentiments. Lee had to give, once again, his rating for KM's stock, and he wondered what fundamentals were driving the sales of Moutai regardless of the broader economic realities.