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In a wide ranging interview, Amazon founder and chief executive Jeff Bezos describes his leadership style, his company's little-known failures, and his approach to ongoing innovation. From his early days delivering packages to the post office, to his purchase of The Washington Post, to Amazon's forays into TV production and delivery drones, he provides a glimpse into a world of innovation and his desire to continue to delight customers worldwide.

One of the world's most influential management thinkers discusses a new model for tackling the world's 'wicked problems'-issues such as poverty, inequality and climate change: Global Solution Networks (GSNs). Collaboration among nation states-while still necessary-is now insufficient to deal with these issues, he says, describing how GSNs operate. He also discusses his latest work on the opportunities presented by blockchain technology. What if there were a next generation of the Internet, he asks, where we could conduct peer-to-peer transactions-not just to exchange information, but to exchange value and money? We can't do that yet without a powerful intermediary-like a credit card company or PayPal; but before long, the Blockchain will make it-and much more-possible. In the end, he says, the first era of the digital age has not fully delivered on its promises. Through GSNs and the Blockchain, we will have another opportunity to rewrite the economic order of things-and dramatically improve the state of the world.

This is an MIT Sloan Management Review article. The opportunity to use data analytics to improve city life is enormous -but cities aren't yet ready to make the transition. One city leading the way is Amsterdam, which has been working toward becoming a "smart city"for almost 7 years. The city's chief technology officer, Ger Baron, makes it clear that even this time frame is still early days: "I can give you the nice stories that we're doing great stuff with data and information, but we're very much at a starting point,"he says.

This is an MIT Sloan Management Review article. The Bank of England, one of the world's oldest and most influential central banks, has made analytics excellence a key pillar of its mission to promote economic stability within the United Kingdom. Like other central banks, the Bank has relied on data and analytics to formulate policy recommendations. But, since 2008 when it regained its status as a regulator, the Bank has begun using its access to new forms of data to increase its insights and forecasting abilities about the British economy.

This is an MIT Sloan Management Review article. Investors see a strong link between corporate sustainability performance and financial performance -so they're using sustainability-related data as a rationale for investment decisions like never before.

Kasriel grew up around computers and started writing programs when he was 12. In a way, he says, he was like one of today's typical Silicon Valley kids, but for him it was Paris in the 1980s. He recognized in high school that he prefers to be with small numbers of people or to be alone. Getting by in a crowd doesn't come naturally--but as a CEO he now has to mingle at huge networking events or conferences. To manage that, he sets goals: Talk to at least 30 people, get 10 business cards, arrange five follow-up meetings. For 10 years Kasriel has worked to overcome the perception that engineers don't make great leaders. He sought projects and talked his way into jobs that were outside his comfort zone. He read widely to burnish his skills in strategy, leadership, and managing people. (The article includes a list of titles the author deems most influential.) He spent hundreds of hours taking online courses. He got an MBA at INSEAD not because he wanted to make a career change or expand his network but so that he could avoid the mistakes he'd seen other entrepreneurs make. Since assuming his role, in April 2015, he's learned that a lot of the job comes down to helping employees feel excited about their work, empowering them, and giving them the resources they require. When people come to him with difficulties, he must listen first and not see every situation the way an engineer would: as a problem that needs a solution.

Over the past 25 to 30 years, agile innovation methods have greatly increased success rates in software development, improved quality and speed to market, and boosted the motivation and productivity of IT teams. Now those methods are spreading across a broad range of industries and functions and even reaching into the C-suite. But many executives don't understand how to promote and benefit from agile; often they manage in ways that run counter to its principles and practices, undermining the effectiveness of agile teams in their organizations. From their work studying and advising companies that have successfully employed agile methods, the authors have discerned six crucial practices for capitalizing on agile's potential: (1) Learn how agile really works; (2) understand when it is appropriate; (3) start small and let passionate evangelists spread the word; (4) allow teams that have mastered the process to customize their practices; (5) practice agile at the top; and (6) destroy corporate barriers to agile behaviors. They expand on each, providing executives with a practical guide for accelerating innovation and profitable growth.

"Planned opportunism" is the author's term for responding to an unpredictable future by paying attention to weak signals--early evidence of emerging trends from which it is possible to deduce important changes in demography, technology, customer tastes and needs, and economic, environmental, regulatory, and political forces. That attention gives rise to fresh perspectives and nonlinear thinking, which help an organization imagine and plan for various plausible futures. Planned opportunism is a discipline that creates a "circulatory system" for new ideas; develops the capacity to prioritize, investigate, and act on those ideas; and builds an adaptive culture that embraces continual change. Govindarajan illustrates his thesis with several compelling company stories. For example, Tata Consultancy Services decided to divest its fast-growing call-center operations at the height of the boom in that business, because its leaders could see that technologies were moving to the cloud and that global enterprises would eventually demand higher-level, more strategic outsourced services. Call centers would just get in the way of that future. And Hasbro, the toy and game maker, acted on numerous technological and demographic shifts in the 1990s to significantly outpace its leading competitor, Mattel.

Leaders face a multitude of strategic paradoxes--contradictory pressures that are too often viewed as "either/or" choices. There are "innovation paradoxes," in which the pursuit of new offerings and processes conflicts with the mandate to sustain the tried and true. There are "globalization paradoxes," which involve tensions between local imperatives and boundary-crossing integration. And there are "obligation paradoxes," when the goal of maximizing profits for shareholders clashes with the desire to generate benefits for a broader group of stakeholders. The authors argue that organizational success depends on simultaneously addressing such conflicting demands, not choosing between them. Leaders need to become comfortable with multiple truths and inconsistency. They need to assume that resources are ample rather than scarce. And they need to embrace change instead of seeking stability. All of this will help organizations reach a state of dynamic equilibrium, wherein paradoxes don't impede progress--they spur it. And the way to tap the potential of paradox is to both separate and connect opposing forces: Managers must pull apart the organization's goals and value each of them individually, while also finding linkages and synergies across goals.

Organizations and individuals are notoriously poor at judging the likelihood of uncertain events. Predictions are often colored by the forecaster's understanding of basic statistical arguments, susceptibility to cognitive biases, desire to influence others' thinking, and concerns about reputation. Indeed, predictions are often intentionally vague to maximize wiggle room should they prove flawed. But getting judgments wrong can of course have serious consequences. On the basis of research involving 25,000 forecasters and a million predictions, the authors identified a set of practices that can improve companies' prediction capability: providing training in the basics of statistics and biases; assembling teams of forecasters to debate and refine predictions; and tracking performance and giving rapid feedback. To improve prediction capability, companies should keep real-time accounts of how their top teams make judgments, including underlying assumptions, data sources, external events, and so on. Keys to success include requiring frequent, precise predictions and measuring prediction accuracy for comparison.

Today companies grapple constantly with the unexpected: disruptive advances in technology, the rise of new markets, sudden swings in demand, surprise moves by competitors. To cope, firms try to improve their forecasting and their agility, but those efforts take them only so far. A complementary--and perhaps more effective--approach is to use "strategic options." These are small bets that allow businesses to test the waters and build their experience. If they fail, they're easy to unwind, but if they succeed, they position organizations to capitalize on valuable opportunities. In this article, two BCG consultants detail three kinds of strategic options: "Temporary organizations," which are staffed by consultants and contractors, help firms ramp up operations quickly and yet avoid massive layoffs if an initiative fails. Small "exploratory acquisitions" allow firms to get a foothold in a new business--without the costs and headaches of large-scale deals. "Disposable factories" are a good solution to uncertain demand; they can be set up (and taken down) quickly, be sited closer to demand, and provide early data on costs and capacity that informs the construction of permanent facilities. Executives often resist strategic options because they seem expensive in the near term. But when a payoff is far in the future and risk is high, they may be the best way to go.

Although many companies claim to embrace failure as an integral part of the innovation process, near-zero tolerance for it blocks them from pursuing new ideas. Corporate budgeting, resource allocation, and risk control are all designed to promote predictability and efficiency, and even when people understand that they can and should fail, they do everything possible to avoid missteps. There's a way to resolve this conundrum, however: Increase your return on unsuccessful projects by rigorously extracting value from them, boosting their benefits while minimizing their downsides. In this article, two business school professors outline three steps you can take to improve your firm's return on failure. First, study projects that didn't pan out and document all the insights they offer about customers, markets, future trends, your organization, your operations, your team, and yourself. Second, magnify the impact of those lessons by spreading them across your company. Senior leaders should gather frequently to discuss their failures, and efforts to share lessons with all employees will build trust and goodwill and encourage future initiatives. Third, step back and do a corporatewide review of your pattern of failure, to ensure your overall approach is yielding all the benefits it should. If failure rates are too high, you may need to tighten up your systems, but low rates may signal a need to encourage more openness to risks. Mistakes are the inevitable consequence of trying something new. But they can also be a source of tremendous value in the form of learning if your firm has the right mindset.

In September 2011 Hewlett-Packard had just dismissed two CEOs in quick succession before inviting Meg Whitman to step into the role. She was taking the reins of a badly damaged company, and although she has presided over more than 80,000 layoffs, she has restored stability in her four and a half years on the job. In November 2015 HP became two new $50-billion-plus companies, with Whitman the CEO of Hewlett Packard Enterprise and the chairman of HP Inc. In this edited interview she talks about why she agreed to take the job ("I thought that HP was a global icon and that nothing was fundamentally wrong with the bones of the company"), how the disastrous Autonomy acquisition happened ("It was financial misrepresentation"), the company's core values ("the ability to do incredible innovation; a passion for customer support and service; giving back to the community"), the role of a leader ("You have to communicate that you believe your goal can be achieved. You have to exude confidence. You have to celebrate the victories along the way"), and much more. Whitman says she is the product of her experiences in a variety of companies--Procter & Gamble, Bain, Disney, Hasbro, FTD, Stride Rite, eBay--and of her unsuccessful campaign for the governorship of California, during which she significantly developed her communication skills. She also played a lot of sports as a girl, "so I knew how to be part of a team."

"I hate networking." It's a familiar refrain. But in today's world, networking is a necessity-and fortunately, an aversion to it can be overcome. Drawing on laboratory experiments and on studies at a large law firm, the authors have identified four strategies that can help people become more excited about and effective at building relationships: Focus on learning. Adopt a "promotion mindset" and concentrate on the positives, and you're more likely to perceive networking as an opportunity for discovery rather than a chore. Identify common interests. Consider how your goals align with those of people you meet, and networking will feel more authentic. Think broadly about what you can give. Remember that you have something valuable to offer, whether it's knowledge, gratitude, or recognition. Find a higher purpose. Frame your networking in terms of a larger goal-the collective benefits for your company, say-and the activity will feel more authentic and will lead to connections that bear fruit for everyone.

The best-selling author of "The House of the Spirits" discusses the role of discipline in her writing process, her long-held determination to work, and her belief that every book is an offering--"You just put it on the table and see who will accept it."

Spreadsheet supplement for case 216123. In December 2015, Canadian Pacific Railroad (CPR) has just made its third bid to acquire Norfolk Southern Corporation (NSC), one of the largest railroads in the United States. Having rejected the prior offers, NSC's CEO James Squires and the NSC board must now value the current offer including the projected merger synergies as well as a recently-added contingent value right (CVR) designed to "sweeten" the offer, and decide how to respond.

In 2013, after almost three years of making organizational changes, the chief executive officer of Federated Co-Operatives Limited (FCL) wondered if he was pushing his unique company through a transformation too quickly or if he was not pushing hard enough to modernize the company. FCL was a co-operative, a remnant of a farmers' purchasing association that had grown to become one of the 50 largest companies in Canada. However, the company's financial success and democratic governance structure had lulled FCL into a situation characterized by outdated processes and systems. Information technology, branding, leadership, and talent management processes needed to be transformed, and a culture change was necessary to move forward. But some employees were resisting, possibly as a result of burnout due to the magnitude of change or the co-operative governance structure that complicated the process of change. The chief executive officer needed to address his employees at a questions and answers session about the progress of the transformation. What should he tell them?

Urban Plus Infrabuild Pvt. Ltd. was a real estate brokerage company started in 2009 in Gurgaon, India, by a young MBA professional. In February 2010, he was considering the various issues he was faced with in day-to-day business activities. The company provided both resale and new bookings services, with a focus on the residential sector. The resale business was needed for immediate and substantial cash inflows to sustain the company's growth. The new bookings business was also crucial to capture more market share and achieve aggressive growth. However, confronted with multiple hurdles, the company had slow business growth in its initial year. It appeared that handling both types of businesses was becoming a challenge. A recent incident involving one employee's unethical behaviour in a resale transaction had forced the company to carefully consider its strategic plan. What strategy would the company need to compete in its sector and achieve its long term goals?