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Two engineers founded a start-up for the design and development of Internet of Things and wearable technology products. They received initial seed capital from family in lieu of equity shares. The company developed a product that could be used to search for misplaced items through the user's phone. The product was expected to be ready for mass production in a week. However, in spite of potential huge demand, the company did not have funds for mass production because it used the seed capital on the design and development. The supplier would not produce unless the start-up paid up front. The technology start-up needed to analyze all the available options for funding mass production of its product and choose the most suitable one.

This case was written as an update to the case "The National Geographic Society," HBS No. 311-002, published in 2011. The (B) case describes the 2015 creation of National Geographic Partners, a for-profit joint venture between the National Geographic Society and 21st Century Fox. It describes the basic structure and terms of the deal as well as diverse reactions to it.

In 2013 Taco Bell, a large U.S. fast food chain, was looking for ways to grow. One of the opportunities the company was considering was adding a line of breakfast foods, something the brand had tried-unsuccessfully-before. There were clear reasons to proceed with the launch, as breakfast offered a completely new meal occasion with tremendous potential. However, there were also notable concerns when it came to operational issues and consumer behavior. Opening for breakfast would increase costs, and getting people to change their morning routine would be difficult. Should Taco Bell risk adding a breakfast menu, or not? This case gives students an opportunity to debate growth and new product opportunities.

Designed for a course in public finance or in transportation, this case describes the financial crisis that, in 2013, loomed over the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA), the transit system serving Philadelphia and four surrounding counties. The difficulties were predominantly in the system's long-inadequate capital budget, which funded maintenance, repair, and replacement costs for the aging legacy system, but these problems were severe enough that they were threatening day-to-day operations. SEPTA had been forced to delay needed reinvestment in the system for so many years that, absent significant new funding, the SEPTA board and general manager warned that they would be forced to shrink its system dramatically over the next 10 years, reducing service in the city of Philadelphia and nearly eliminating suburban commuter rail service. To ground the discussion, the case provides political and structural background about SEPTA, alongside the recent financial history of both operating and capital budgets, allowing students to understand the nature of the funding difficulties that had historically beset the authority. The case also provides enough information on transit finance to support a more general conversation. Case exhibits include demographic and commuting data for the five counties served by SEPTA; fare and subsidy information by mode of transport; fare elasticity by mode of transport; sources of subsidy in both operating and capital budgets; information about the tax burden in Pennsylvania; the projected consequences of abolishing SEPTA for commuting costs, jobs, and property values; and pros and cons of using different kinds of state funding to finance transit. A brief 2-page sequel describes how proponents were eventually able to win legislative approval for additional funding, and what the legislature ultimately chose as its revenue source. Case number 2047.0

This sequel accompanies Case Number 2047.0. Designed for a course in public finance or in transportation, this case describes the financial crisis that, in 2013, loomed over the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA), the transit system serving Philadelphia and four surrounding counties. The difficulties were predominantly in the system's long-inadequate capital budget, which funded maintenance, repair, and replacement costs for the aging legacy system, but these problems were severe enough that they were threatening day-to-day operations. SEPTA had been forced to delay needed reinvestment in the system for so many years that, absent significant new funding, the SEPTA board and general manager warned that they would be forced to shrink its system dramatically over the next 10 years, reducing service in the city of Philadelphia and nearly eliminating suburban commuter rail service. To ground the discussion, the case provides political and structural background about SEPTA, alongside the recent financial history of both operating and capital budgets, allowing students to understand the nature of the funding difficulties that had historically beset the authority. The case also provides enough information on transit finance to support a more general conversation. Case exhibits include demographic and commuting data for the five counties served by SEPTA; fare and subsidy information by mode of transport; fare elasticity by mode of transport; sources of subsidy in both operating and capital budgets; information about the tax burden in Pennsylvania; the projected consequences of abolishing SEPTA for commuting costs, jobs, and property values; and pros and cons of using different kinds of state funding to finance transit. A brief 2-page sequel describes how proponents were eventually able to win legislative approval for additional funding, and what the legislature ultimately chose as its revenue source. Case number 2047.1

The Newlight Technologies case is set at the end of 2013. Newlight has been awarded the Innovation Prize for Biomaterial of the Year by nova-Institut GmbH at the Cologne International Conference on Industrial Biotechnology and Bio-based Plastics & Composites. The company has a small-scale pilot plant using enzyme catalysts to produce a bioplastic resin, PHA, which has a wide range of applications for products in the plastics industry. The pilot plant can produce enough resin to perform product trials for a number of end-users at the same time. The innovative process is the fruit of ten years' research and the result promises to be one of the first biopolymers to be economically competitive with petro-chemical based products on price and performance. The case provides details of the global industry, giving scope and scale information for businesses along the value chain, including market segmentation and resin pricing.

After a decade of establishing itself in China's foreign education market, the Canadian Institute of Business and Technology (CIBT) Education Group was finding that the market for Western-style education in major Chinese cities was becoming saturated. The enrolment rate in CIBT's MBA programs in Beijing declined sharply by 20% in 2004. Toby Chu, president and CEO of CIBT, believed that the company needed a significant change in strategy and a new business model for future growth in China. One option was to shift attention to the relatively unexplored second- and third-tier cities where less competition was expected. In 2004, Weifang University (WU) based in Weifang, an inland, third-tier city in Shandong province, was interested in collaborating with CIBT to provide vocational programs. Chu and his executive team had to respond to WU and Chu was wondering if Weifang could be a start to test CIBT's new model for education in China. Case B provides a follow up and an update.

Alberta Ballet, composed of the Alberta Ballet professional dance company and The School of Alberta Ballet, had experienced remarkable success in North America and Europe. However, in 2014, it faced a set of unique problems. Demand for performances from the company had grown so significantly that it was no longer able to accommodate all requests, especially from smaller markets in Alberta. Coupled with increasing demand, operations were fragmented across many locations, including some very expensive leases that were set to expire in 2016. Building a brand-new facility that could house all of the Calgary operations was an option, but was it feasible with the current economic conditions? Furthermore, how could Alberta Ballet better serve secondary markets?

Asahi India Glass Limited faces a situation encountered by many growing companies after having funded its diversification from retained earnings and debt, both in rupees and foreign currency. An over-reliance on borrowed funds without a matching infusion of equity has plunged the company into losses. To reduce its need for financial leverage, the company has issued equity shares on a rights basis, which has helped but is insufficient to reduce its debt burden. The company's management is seeking alternatives to further deleverage the company's capital structure but is finding it difficult due to losses in the recent past, the adverse operating environment created by the global economic crisis and a slowdown in the major segments in which it operates.

This is an MIT Sloan Management Review article. American health care is undergoing a data-driven transformation - and Intermountain Healthcare is leading the way. This MIT Sloan Management Review case study examines the data and analytics culture at Intermountain, a Utah-based company that runs 22 hospitals and 185 clinics. Data-driven decision making has improved patient outcomes in Intermountain's cardiovascular medicine, endocrinology, surgery, obstetrics and care processes - while saving millions of dollars in procurement and in its the supply chain.

CEO Tim Cook is contemplating the source of longer-term growth at Apple.. Since Steve Jobs' death, Cook has successfully led Apple and made it the first company to be worth more than $700 billion. Under Cook's leadership, Apple has largely released derivatives of existing products (e.g., iPhone 6 and 6 Plus, etc.). This has increased Apple's reliance on the iPhone (2/3 revenues), and Apple appears to be following a path to sell complementary products to the iPhone (Beats, Apple Pay, Apple Watch) at the same time that it is pursuing product development (Apple TV, Apple Car). The Apple Watch is the first new product category introduced under Tim Cook. As industry convergence continues, the case also looks at Apple main competitors: Amazon, Google, Microsoft, and Samsung.

The case begins with Roberto Ioriatti, Vice President of Atlantic & Pacific Pricing and Revenue Management at Delta Air Lines, appreciating the diversity of the Delta workforce at the annual Delta Block Party. This is symptomatic of a shift toward a more diverse population in the United States. The party leads to a key question of the case: What should be Delta's strategic response to the changing demographics of the United States, both in terms of products and services? A secondary question of the case is this: How should Delta respond to increased global competition, especially to the threat posed by rapidly expanding airlines from the Middle East such as Etihad Airways, Emirates, and Qatar Airways?

The case outlines the growth of Google: from its beginning at Stanford, to its achieved milestones (becoming profitable, becoming an IPO) and finally to its success attracting competition and inciting government regulation-this, along with technology change, are the current challenges its CEO Larry Page must now face. With Android, Google has successfully shifted from search functionality on personal computers to search functionality on mobile devices and developed an ecosystem of services to attract users. However, Google continues to depend heavily on advertising (which makes up 90 percent of its revenues). Further, as R&D investments are increasing at competing firms, R&D productivity is simultaneously decreasing at Google. The shifting sands of competition and regulation cannot be ignored, and Google faces the prospect of needing both business as well as corporate strategy to better guide its activities.

The case dilemma centers around Sheryl Sandberg, Facebook's chief operating officer (COO) and second in command. She is looking to take the company to the next level: not only to continued growth in mobile ads, but to dominance in the digital ad space. For this to occur, Facebook would somehow have to top Google in both display and search ads, despite only having nominal presence and expertise in display ads. Moreover, Facebook is facing the continued convergence in this fast-moving industry

Michael Belden, longtime manager of the El Cerrito brand of high-end leather products and accessories, had just concluded a presentation to the senior executive team on his plan to increase profits by 4 percent over the next year. His new boss, Sara Jensen, was not pleased and instructed him to go back to the drawing board: "You and I both know that a 4 percent profit increase just isn't sufficient. I was hoping to see an increase of 20 percent or more." Belden was deeply concerned. El Cerrito was a mature brand that catered to exclusive, high-end clientele. Would it be possible to generate the kind of growth Jensen wanted without damaging the brand's equity? This is the real story of a well-known luxury brand that has been disguised for purposes of this case. Students sometimes will correctly guess at the brand's true identity, but this does not impact the discussion. The disguised brand gives the case an entertaining twist when the brand's true identity is revealed.

After a decade of establishing itself in China's foreign education market, the Canadian Institute of Business and Technology (CIBT) Education Group was finding that the market for Western-style education in major Chinese cities was becoming saturated. The enrolment rate in CIBT's MBA programs in Beijing declined sharply by 20% in 2004. Toby Chu, president and CEO of CIBT, believed that the company needed a significant change in strategy and a new business model for future growth in China. One option was to shift attention to the relatively unexplored second- and third-tier cities where less competition was expected. In 2004, Weifang University (WU) based in Weifang, an inland, third-tier city in Shandong province, was interested in collaborating with CIBT to provide vocational programs. Chu and his executive team had to respond to WU and Chu was wondering if Weifang could be a start to test CIBT's new model for education in China. Case B provides a follow up and an update.

In 2014, most industry experts thought that the electric-vehicle (EV) battery market was an important opportunity for battery manufacturers, which would also restructure the traditional car industry. Despite this rosy EV-battery picture, the reality was not so optimistic. Many competitors, such as Samsung SDI, LG Chemical, and Panasonic, were already in the market, which caused battery prices to decline. Ominous examples forced companies already in the industry ("incumbents") to rethink and perhaps revamp their EV-battery market value-chain strategy. The incumbents had to define sustainable courses of action as they faced numerous risks and complexities. They had to make strategic choices to overcome the industry's huge uncertainties and obstacles. It was critical to take into account conditions and constraints in resources, processes, capabilities, and macro- and micro-economic environments.

Jim Coke had been a jack of all trades since his student days. A big dreamer, Coke knew that he was on the cusp of something big. A Hong Kong resident since 2010, he wanted to dominate the coffee distribution market in Hong Kong and mainland China. After only one year, he had managed to secure the unthinkable: a coffee distribution deal with Hong Kong's leading supermarket chain, ParknShop. More importantly, he was now Jamaica Blue Mountain ® coffee's official licensee in 67 countries, including China and Hong Kong. Should he continue to obtain exclusive or non-exclusive Hong Kong distribution rights for specialty food commodities or was it time to take on China, with its population of 1.35 billion people?

The Libra Foundation is exploring how to grow the food sector in Maine using the strategy of creating a food cluster initiative. Maine is one of the poorest states in the United States and the food sector is one of the largest employers. Multiple efforts in agriculture, aquaculture, and food processing exist but are not coordinated. The Foundation owns three food companies. Its CEO needs to decide what action if any the Foundation should take given the data from the Cluster Tool-a nation data set and other research on successful food cluster initiatives in other states.

The rapid growth in quantity and quality of universities in China since 1978 is the most recent evolution in a long history of higher education. From as early as the Tang Dynasty, academies existed to prepare scholars for the civil service examination, but by the Republican period, higher learning was dominated by a host of well-regarded, cosmopolitan, comprehensive universities. In 1952, these institutions were reorganized according to the Soviet model, and remained highly specialized until the resurgence of comprehensive institutions after 1978. This background note describes this history and then elaborates on the system of higher education since 2000, focusing on university governance, funding, faculty policy, admissions systems, and internationalization. It concludes by looking at the tightening of ideological control in universities in 2013 and 2014, and reflects on the potential for China to establish "world-class" universities.