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In early 2014, Standard Chartered PLC, a British multinational banking and financial services company headquartered in London, England, announced its restructuring plan. The announcement triggered positive reactions in both stock and bond markets. Nevertheless, the eventual profitability was not what was expected. Moving forward into 2015, how would a rational investor have taken advantage of such a corporate restructuring event?

ING Groep NV, a successful Dutch-based bank with operations in over 40 countries, had a very successful year in 2016. The bank had achieved strong growth in customer numbers, savings, and lending. However, digitization was disrupting the banking industry. ING Groep NV had successfully taken multiple initiatives to tackle the fundamental changes driven by the digital disruption, but its future, like that of all the other major traditional banks, remained uncertain. In March 2017, the chief executive officer announced that the bank would invest €800 million in continued digital transformation to further improve the customer experience and accelerate growth. While there was no doubt that this investment was needed, he had to decide how ING should respond to and take advantage of the radical changes caused by digitization. Which specific initiatives should he prioritize for the €800 million investment?

In early 2017, the chief executive officer of AgriSmart, a German start-up company within the Bosch start-up platform, was preparing for an important upcoming board meeting. She needed to explain why AgriSmart had deviated from its original financial plan, seek approval for its upcoming budget, and convince Bosch's board that the company deserved further funding. In preparing the company's forecasts to share with the board, the chief executive officer also needed to prepare for all possible questions from the directors regarding AgriSmart's past performance and the assumptions going forward.

In 2016, a young South African left her secure office job to pursue her passion for social entrepreneurship in the youth development field. She had been volunteering with street children, but she wanted to do more by drawing on her entrepreneurial experience from high school and university. She followed her passion, and experienced a number of challenges, but also early successes over her first four years of social entrepreneurship, including the formation of her social business, Beyond the Lemonade Stand. Business was steady but she struggled with getting the commitment needed in poor township schools to make the program a success. She began to question the core purpose of her organization and wondered if she would be better off pursuing opportunities offered by middle-class and private schools that wanted her services.

In December 2016, the president of the Lebanon Mountain Trail Association (LMTA) was getting ready for a board of directors meeting during which the members had to vote on whether to hire an executive director—a first for the association. If hired, the association would face a new financial hurdle that could threaten its sustainability. The LMTA was a non-profit mountain trail association that was implementing socially responsible tourism practices on and around a 470 kilometre trail. The association was struggling to sustain itself financially, to protect and maintain the trail, and to secure the succession of its board.

Zhejiang Semir E-Commerce Co. Ltd., the online subsidiary of Chinese casual clothing company Zhejiang Semir Group Co. Ltd. (Semir), grew continuously from its launch in 2012 to become a main contributor to Semir’s success, contributing approximately 30 per cent of Semir’s annual revenue by 2016. Semir entered the online market relatively late after many competing Chinese clothing manufacturers had already established their presence online. Yet it became the industry leader in terms of e-commerce revenue. It differed from other major clothing firms mainly in its implementation of the management philosophy of Kazuo Inamori, particularly his Amoeba Management method and his belief in altruism and a win-win approach to business. Semir worked to create supply chain relationships that were true partnerships, and it promoted the various brands in its multi-brand strategy through celebrity endorsements and online marketing. Like its major competitors, Semir was exploring online-to-offline (O2O) models in the clothing industry. In 2016, the company faced a rapidly changing online environment and increasing competition in the industry. It needed a strategy to maintain its early success in e-commerce. It also needed to determine what kind of O2O model to adopt and how to deal with competition from fast-fashion retailers in the online marketplace.

By October 2014, Kumar Sweets was a successful sweets company in Kurukshetra, Haryana, India, well-known for Indian sweets made using a Kumar family recipe that had been passed down for generations. The company’s success was largely due to the continued efforts of its founder and head, but the founder’s eldest son sensed that something was wrong with the firm’s operations. Although revenue had increased over the years, the business had not been able to realize the expected profit. Since its last product expansion effort in 2011, Kumar Sweets’ profitability was lower than it had been in previous years; the founder and his son wanted to find out why, because they had hoped to pursue geographic expansion. Kumar Sweets needed to implement appropriate actions that addressed its existing problems as soon as possible.

Glenda Crisp became the chief data officer of TD Bank Group in October 2015. The Office of the chief data officer had only been established in 2013; the scope of the department still needed to be fully defined, and the original enterprise data governance policies needed to be updated. Crisp saw issues in a variety of areas, such as organizational structure, the processes used to manage data governance practices, and technology, all of which needed to be identified and prioritized. An implementation plan then needed to be developed.

In early 2017, Voot was one of India’s popular video-on-demand (VOD) service providers of movies and television series. By that time, more than 50 million users had installed the application on the Android mobile platform alone. Voot’s parent company, Viacom18 Media Pvt. Ltd. (Viacom 18), was popular for its television channels Rishtey, Colors, MTV, VH1, Nickelodeon, and Comedy Central India. Due to a rise in VOD service providers and a growing number of Internet users in India, VOD consumption had been increasing rapidly; therefore, launching Voot was important for Viacom18 to secure a place in the surging digital market. Even though Viacom18 was already a popular television network service provider at the time of Voot’s launch, it was not the first service to enter the VOD market, and its competitors were doing well. Voot had to determine what monetization model to implement and it had to choose a content strategy that would allow it to be competitive in the market, considering its diversified consumer base in terms of language, culture, and economic conditions.

In 2017, the contract between the Andretti family auto racing business, Andretti Autosport, and Honda Motor Company (Honda) would come to an end following the racing season. Generational family resources and dynamic social media capabilities had created a sustained competitive advantage (SCA) for Andretti Autosport. Also, key strategic decisions surrounding primary engine sponsorship and enterprise diversification afforded the chief executive officer the benefit of financial resources required to fund his Andretti Autosport racing operations across multiple racing platforms. More strategic decisions would have to be made as the contract between Andretti Autosport and Honda was coming to an end. Although the Honda collaboration had been successful, was it the best partnership to sustain the multi-generational organization into the future? What engine sponsor would be the best for Andretti Autosport to partner with for the next racing season?

The case recounts the development and implementation of the first social media campaign at La Protectora de la Infancia (La Protectora), a centenary, Chilean non-profit organization offering education and social assistance to children in need. With a large number of non-profits operating in several domains across the country, competition for volunteers and donations was high in the sector. However, Chile had one of the most engaged social media markets worldwide, and it had the highest rate of broadband connection in Latin America. In March 2016, the marketing team was planning the next fundraising campaign with the help of a social media marketing consultant. They needed to decide how the organization could use social media and the fundraising campaign to engage volunteers and donors, creating a stronger and more positive image for the institution.

As the end of 2016 approached, the managing director of AmorePacific Hong Kong (APHK) was setting the media mix and budget for APHK’s four makeup and skin care brands: ETUDE HOUSE, LANEIGE, Sulwhasoo, and AMOREPACIFIC. Tourists shopping in Hong Kong from mainland China comprised over half of the company’s sales. However, in the face of a declining number of tourists and the shrinking of luxury goods spending, the managing director had to consider the marketing tools in the customer decision journey; competitive positioning; and the distribution of the marketing budget between traditional and digital channels in the upcoming bi-monthly campaigns. She needed to strike an appropriate balance between recruiting new customers and retaining existing customers within APHK’s overall strategy for Greater China.

Amazon entered China in 2004 by acquiring Joyo, a local e-retailer, and rebranding it as Amazon China, implementing the technology and practices that had worked in the U.S. Unlike its local competitors, Amazon China's organizational culture focused on the use of technology while downplaying the importance of marketing. Amazon's global standardization strategy thus made Amazon China less responsive to Chinese customers' online shopping habits and less flexible in dealing with suppliers and third-party sellers on its marketplace platform. In the first decade following its entry, Amazon China saw its market share of China's expanding e-commerce market shrink dramatically. In 2012, it undertook strategic transformations focused on cross-border e-commerce and introduced Amazon's other core businesses, including Kindle devices and AWS, to China. Adapted to the local market, Amazon's Kindle was a success. Both the e-book publishing and cloud computing (AWS) sectors are highly regulated in China and Amazon's efforts to replicate its U.S. business in China faced big challenges.

In February 2017, the co-founders of Passion Connect were considering potential monetization strategies for their company. Passion Connect was an online platform based in Bangalore, India, that helped people identify, nurture, and live their passions. The company provided users with curated content, events, and connections related to their passions—from painting and music to travel and food. Passion Connect aimed to raise a Series A round of venture capital financing by the end of 2017. The co-founders had to find an effective monetization strategy before approaching potential investors. They had to consider both qualitative and quantitative outcomes for each strategy, the fit with the business’s goals, and the impact on profitability, feasibility, and user experience.

By 2016, Birks Group Inc. (Birks) had largely recovered from the 2008 financial crisis and was posting profits again. Birks was a high-end designer and manufacturer of Birks-branded jewellery and a mono-brand and multi-brand retailer of luxury jewellery and watches. It operated 29 retail outlets across Canada under its Maison Birks and Brinkhaus banners and 17 stores in two U.S. states (Florida and Georgia) under the Mayors banner. After restructuring the company and rehabilitating the brand, Birks’s experienced chief executive officer wondered how to take the iconic Canadian company further in a rapidly changing market. He had to decide what balance Birks should strike in pushing the brand in different markets: Canada, existing U.S. markets, new U.S. markets, and international markets. Although the luxury jewellery industry had not performed well in the digital marketplace to date, he was eager to investigate Birks’s e-commerce options as well. What were the best ways to grow Birks and optimize resources and effort?

On June 25, 2014, the director of marketing and development at Allied Founders Pvt. Ltd., a company that operated out of Belgaum in India, was analyzing various problems associated with his company’s management approach. The director was considering a change from the company’s system of breakdown maintenance to a new information system of preventive maintenance. While executing its first international export order, the company faced several challenges related to production delays, mainly due to poor equipment maintenance. To plan for his company’s future in the international market, the director proposed adopting preventive maintenance as a solution, but he was unsure whether to use traditional means (i.e., manual record keeping) or implement a new information system. He was concerned about the issues that could arise from the change, including resistance from employees worried about job loss, providing the necessary training, and exposing the company to other risks.

In June 2017, a journalist was preparing a major news story about Lumni Inc. (Lumni), a company that he wanted to profile in the next issue of his Mexico City–based magazine. Lumni's mission was essentially a social one: to improve the conditions, access, and quality of higher education for young students, especially in Latin America. However, although its mission was originally non-profit, Lumni was not considered a non-governmental organization since it worked with a financially sustainable model and did not depend on donations or government funding. As the journalist investigated this business model, he learned that some experts referred to it as a hybrid business model. Although he had been gathering research on Lumni for some months, he still was unsure whether his report should promote hybrid business models as viable alternatives to traditional business models.

A hybrid business model incorporates the social responsibility interests of a non-profit organization with the economic objectives of a for-profit company. This note explains the fundamental organizational activities that drive a hybrid business model and provides examples of successful hybrid business models currently in operation. This note can be used as a companion document to Lumni Inc.: Improving Society in a Sustainable Way, product no. 9B18M011.

In June 2017, a journalist was preparing a major news story about Lumni Inc. (Lumni), a company that he wanted to profile in the next issue of his Mexico City-based magazine. Lumni's mission was essentially a social one: to improve the conditions, access, and quality of higher education for young students, especially in Latin America. However, although its mission was originally non-profit, Lumni was not considered a non-governmental organization since it worked with a financially sustainable model and did not depend on donations or government funding. As the journalist investigated this business model, he learned that some experts referred to it as a hybrid business model. Although he had been gathering research on Lumni for some months, he still was unsure whether his report should promote hybrid business models as viable alternatives to traditional business models.

Malaysian palm oil company IOI Corporation Berhad (IOI) developed from a plantation company in Malaysia to become a vertically integrated manufacturing company with a range of higher value manufacturing businesses across Asia, Europe, and the United States. The rapid expansion into what the chief executive officer (CEO) called a "mini-multinational" placed greater demands on IOI and its leadership. The CEO had struggled to simultaneously achieve growth, innovation, control, and coordination, and the company had experienced a sustainability crisis in 2016. In early 2017, the CEO needed to decide whether to approve an ambitious growth strategy-proposed by IOI's specialty oils and fats team, which led most overseas operations and handled IOI's most innovative products-to be achieved by 2025. While he was eager to expand IOI and strengthen its position as a widely admired Asian family multinational, he also needed to weigh the constraints. He could not risk growing the company faster than the leadership's ability to control it.