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This note discusses the economics of government-debt accumulation. Fiscal deficits are only part of the picture; other factors include the level of debt as a percent of nominal GDP; the interest rate; the inflation rate; the growth rate; and changes in the exchange rate if some debt is owed in a foreign currency. The note discusses how these factors interact to affect government debt levels.

This note was developed to summarize how some managers and firms are approaching risk management, and to provide a risk assessment tool that can be used to complement current risk management frameworks. Leaders are compensated and operate in conditions of risk. The risk assessment tool is based on: identification, information, interests, incentives and infrastructure.<br><br>The note was developed to provide participants with an integrated framework to identify and manage risk. It clearly shows that risk is endemic to business activities but needs to be managed in a strategic manner. It also points out that risk management has strategic, operational and tactical dimensions and is much broader than the volatility dimensions of risk stressed in financial management.

"Market Design in Online Businesses" characterizes the challenges entrepreneurs may face in creating a well-functioning ecosystem of users, and helps equip entrepreneurs with tools to overcome these obstacles. Key principles include ensuring thickness, alleviating congestion stemming from overuse, addressing asymmetric information, ensuring that it is safe and straightforward for users to participate, and designing monetization strategies that do not disrupt, but instead contribute to the well-being of the ecosystem.

This note provides an overview of the Harvard Business School course "The Online Economy: Strategy and Entrepreneurship." It covers the framework for the course, key principles within each course module, and a synopsis of each case, along with the lessons the case is meant to convey.

What leads to market failures in finance of clean energy startups? How do different governments approach this issue?

How the International Monetary Fund (IMF) defined and carried out its mandate has evolved considerably since 1944, when it was founded to serve a vital but narrow function in maintaining the global foreign exchange system and thus enabling international trade. This note gives an overview of the IMF's evolution by describing key phases in its history, including the Bretton Woods system and its collapse, the international debt crisis of the 1980s, the Washington Consensus era, and reform efforts in the 2000s.

The twenty-first century digital world enabled mobile, empowered, content-hungry individuals to capture the value of enabling technologies and applications to manage, create, share, and influence content across the creation and delivery spectrum. Users were online in record numbers, spending a greater percentage of their time, and conducting more and more activities including communications, learning, entertainment, and social interaction. Digital technologies and broadband radically revolutionized the value equation for many industries, giving more influence and power to the individual.

The note provides background on the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, brief background on lobbying, and aspects of the lobbying effort by the financial industry and JP Morgan Chase with regard to Dodd-Frank. It is intended as a companion to "The Tip of the Iceberg: JP Morgan Chase and Bear Stearns (A)," HBS No. 309-001, to facilitate class discussion, and as such provides only an overview of specific aspects of the issues discussed.

Aid in understanding of financing entrepreneurship.

No abstract.

Strategy is complex, requiring clarity about organizational objectives as well as the variety of external forces-competitive, economic, and technological-that come into play. Ultimately, strategy is an integrative exercise. This technical note provides a concise basis for a comprehensive discussion of strategic concerns.

The purpose of this note is to help students better understand the concept of customer segmentation in a business-to-business (B2B) context, focused on such topics as the role segmentation plays in the larger marketing strategy of which it is a part, the process, primary approaches, and variables.

This note focuses on the valuation of late-stage companies with a particular emphasis on leveraged buyouts (LBOs). In addition to LBOs, late-stage investments can arise in situations involving growth equity, turnarounds, mezzanine investments, and distressed debt. In contrast to venture capital, where firms are typically at an early stage of development, late-stage investments involve more established businesses that have an ability to take on higher levels of leverage to augment investor returns. While in practice there are several approaches to valuation, the approach chosen often comes down to which provides the most accurate representation of the situation and perspectives of the parties involved. This note takes the perspective of a PE investor and assumes some basic familiarity with the structure of PE investing. It provides a basic overview of the primary sources of financing and the metrics used to gauge LBO capital structures and a step-by-step example of an LBO analysis.

This note can be used to develop a business plan pitch for a new venture.

The note on Social Media in Health Care describes different educational and collaborative social media firms that affect 1) consumers, 2) physicians, 3) medical centers, 4) life science firms, and 5) employers and their employees.

Customer loyalty schemes (or programs) are explicit efforts by retailers to gain long-term patronage from customers. Loyalty schemes are developed for a variety of reasons: to reward loyal customers, to generate more robust information about customer behavior, to influence consumer behavior, and as a defensive measure to combat a competing scheme. The purpose of this note is to describe the objectives of these schemes, including their origin and evolution; to highlight key aspects of their implementation; and to suggest approaches to maximize their impact. While this note focuses on the U.S. and U.K. retail sectors, most of its content is applicable to other economies.

This module note presents six strategies for mobilizing networked businesses.

This note is designed to provide strategists with tools to perform two critical customer-related analyses: determining willingness to pay - the estimation of how much a given customer would be willing to pay for a particular product or service; and demand estimation - predicting the overall size of the market or segment which a company chooses to serve.

No abstract available.

This technical note uses information from the Canadian Bankruptcy Act, the Companies Creditors Arrangement Act, and the Personal Property Security Act to explain the way in which collateral security is obtained and to describe the rights of security holders in the event of bankruptcy or reorganization. The note includes the ranking of secured creditors and the most commonly recognized types of security interests.