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Case A describes the difficult situation facing the recently appointed plant manager of Shanghai Michelin Warrior Tire, a joint venture between a poorly performing Chinese state-owned enterprise and a France-based private company, Michelin Corporation. Michelin headquarters was pressing the plant manager to implement the Management System of Daily Production to improve the factory’s performance, but the plant manager sensed that the plant’s employees were not yet ready. He contemplates what changes to make in this factory and how best to do so. Case B, 9B14C013, reports on the plant manager’s actions to improve the joint venture’s performance.

This is a supplement to 9B14C012.

Alaska Airlines has recently recovered from a period of operational instability, yet its executives worry the airline is draining its reserves of customer loyalty and goodwill, due to losses over the past two years and variability in its statistics for on-time flights and mishandled baggage. After focusing many resources on operations in an effort to regain stability, the senior executives wonder whether the organization could endure if performance were to slip again. Is remaining status quo good enough, or should the airline’s leadership take action to transform the performance culture? See the optional companion technical note 9B14C060.

This technical note was written as a companion document for potential use with 9B14C059. It can also be read on its own to gain a greater understanding of how organizational change unfolds over time. This note can also be used as a companion to other business cases or for so-called “live” cases that profile challenges currently experienced by organizations. Finally, the technical note can also be used to guide data collection and analysis for the purpose of researching or writing new cases on organizational change using the framework or model.

Comair Limited was South Africa’s largest private airline and consisted of British Airways SA and the low-cost airline kulula.com. After acquiring more fuel-efficient aircraft, Comair decided to adopt Sabre, a reservation and scheduling technology platform. Initially, some Comair executives thought that the Sabre implementation was an IT project, but they soon realized that all employees were affected and that a culture change was required to successfully implement the new standardized way of working. An organizational transformation company was hired and “Operation Crossover” was created as a reference point for employees and metaphor for change in order to enable the change process, starting with a change readiness assessment and culture change roadmap. How could Comair’s CEO capitalize on the positive changes from this project and maintain the profitability and growth of the last 68 years?

In September 2008, the CEO of Rainbow Group, a Chinese group of companies specializing in environmental protection services, was in Beijing, China, thinking about his experience that evening. A few hours ago, eight senior executives from Rainbow Group’s subsidiary in Hangzhou had come to Beijing requesting that the CEO fire their general manager, who had been appointed by the CEO only six months ago. This manager had taken control of the Hangzhou subsidiary with ambitious efforts to implement lean management and better cost control, but had met resistance from the other managers. The CEO was reviewing this appointment and thinking hard. What was the problem? What should he do?

The University of Regina faculty association and the University of Regina administration are entering into contract negotiations just six months after settling their previous contract through mediation. Although the two parties have both conflicting and compatible interests regarding the ultimate collective agreement outcomes, their strained relationship complicates the bargaining process. Use with 9B15C005B.

The University of Regina faculty association and the University of Regina administration are entering into contract negotiations just six months after settling their previous contract through mediation. Although the two parties have both conflicting and compatible interests regarding the ultimate collective agreement outcomes, their strained relationship complicates the bargaining process. Use with 9B15C005A.

A chief human resource executive of an automotive company in India, faced with exits of promising employees, was reviewing the efficacy and relevance of the company’s 20-year-old high-potential talent identification program in place since 1991. The chief executive was particularly concerned about how well the program met the company’s changing leadership needs within the context of a rapidly evolving automotive industry in India in recent years owing to open economy and influx of foreign players in the automotive segment. The challenge facing the executive was how to align the program with the company’s organizational strategy to establish a pipeline of successors ready for critical senior roles in a changing business landscape by fostering loyalty and leadership capability of employees. See the supplements to this case, 9B15C027 and 9B15C028.

Supplement to 9B15C026.

Supplement to 9B15C026.

The merger of Momentum and Metropolitan into MMI Holdings Limited, one of South Africa’s largest insurers, played out against the setting of South Africa’s volatile currency and post-apartheid environment, with sensitive employees and a Competition Tribunal that prohibited the retrenchment of around 2,000 employees. The two companies with very different cultures were merged, with only one of the CEOs attaining the Group CEO position. The leaders’ clear vision and focus on change management enabled a successful merger process. How can the Group CEO derive synergies and grow capital from the integration’s next phase to prevent MMI from becoming another merger that fails to provide returns for shareholders?

<p style="color: rgb(197, 183, 131);"><strong> AWARD WINNER - Responsible Leadership category at the EFMD Case Writing Competition</strong></p><br>The president and CEO of Providence Healthcare needs to devise a plan to sustain positive change at the health care company. In just four years, she has led the organization through massive change and turnaround, from potential crisis to financial health and innovation. She now needs to consider how to integrate and embed the values that helped her drive change and foster collaboration, both at Providence and with its key partners. What more can she do to sustain positive change at Providence Healthcare through her values-based leadership and to win the support of key stakeholders well into the future? Much of the success thus far has depended on her values and character as a leader.

In January 2012, Singapore Mass Rapid Transit (SMRT) Corporation’s chief executive officer resigned after two major breakdowns on the North-South Line in December 2011. SMRT was a public transport operator in Singapore, with a transportation network that comprised buses, trains and taxis. The two breakdowns were arguably the largest public transportation incidents in Singapore’s history, prompting public outrage and heavy criticism of the CEO’s qualifications and personal style. However, it was uncertain whether she, as CEO, bore primary responsibility for the train breakdowns. To what extent did her gender and unconventional style affect the public’s perception of her effectiveness as a leader? How much did the media influence the public’s perception? Could the train breakdowns have been averted if a CEO with an engineering background or industry-specific experience had been in charge?

The head of human resources at Attock Refinery Limited was trying to evaluate the company’s existing performance appraisal system in the context of the forthcoming refinery expansion project as well as looming changes in industry dynamics. Over the last few decades, the performance management system at Attock Refinery had undergone significant changes as a result of both internal and external factors. The modified performance management system had solved certain issues, but other challenges remained. The company wanted to determine whether the changes in the performance management system were effective in managing several administrative tasks (e.g., promotion and fixing performance increments), development activities like training and, above all, the fulfillment of Attock Refinery's strategic aim to inculcate a company-wide culture of performance.

In helping to liberate one-fifth of the world’s population from colonial rule, Gandhi became a paragon of visionary leadership. Yet despite hundreds of biographies, the man remains an enigma. In fact, his greatest achievements as a leader might be waiting to be discovered. This article looks to dispel myths about Gandhi in order to reclaim him as a human being and draw leadership lessons from his successes and failures. It shows how Gandhi’s life offers many great leadership lessons. For example, not all people share the same values, so leaders must understand their own and others’ values and intentions. It is not always wise to be good to a fault; discretion can be the better part of valor. Moderation is a hallmark of wisdom. Leaders do not do what they like to do; they do what needs to be done. Ultimately, while Gandhi was indeed great, his greatness lies not only in what he accomplished, but in what he did despite his human failings.

Achieving desirable shifts in workplace habits and routines can be extremely tricky, even baffling. Part of the problem involves a lack of understanding of what makes some good ideas and innovations catch on, while others struggle to gain traction. This article addresses a specific barrier to achieving returns on investments aimed at changing behaviour in the workplace, where a leadership blind spot has too many organizations attempting to improve performance via long-term behavioural changes while neglecting what it takes to really make behaviour change happen. Importing new behaviours into an organization can prove more useful for achieving an energized work environment than any strategy or process. Applied behaviour analysis offers tools to improve the performance of leaders, organizations and employees. The disciplined use of these tools is called behavioural leadership, which underpins a reliable, replicable technology for managing behaviour and implementing change.

Character has often been described as the difference-maker in sports, business and life. The importance of character in the workplace, especially leader character, has proved all too easy to forget in recent years. Events in 2014 involving Toronto Mayor Rob Ford, radio broadcaster Jian Ghomeshi and NFL running back Ray Rice helped demonstrate the important role that character plays in the success and failure of organizations. As this article states, effective performance requires competencies and commitment. But without the support of good character, the strengths that come from having competencies and commitment can be seriously undermined, as shown by the 2008 financial crisis. While anyone can cross the line of acceptable behaviour, leaders cannot expect forgiveness. Ensuring good character in leaders and top performers is not about reputational risk, as ignoring bad behaviour is always bad business in the long run, especially when the business in question involves role models. The long-term benefits of a healthy work environment with happy, productive employees are far greater than anything a star talent with questionable judgement can provide.

As Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist Victor Frankl noted, the space between stimulus and response creates an opportunity to engage the moment in a way that can be transformative. However, engaging the moment is difficult because attention on the task at hand can be drawn away by past experiences, as well as expectations for the future. The ability to engage the moment is developed over time and anchored in competence, character and commitment, which are only developed in everyday moments. These three qualities work together to deliver strong performance, which is realized through the string of present moments. Indeed, for great athletes, the ability to engage the moment is not reserved for grand competitive occasions — it is a habit. Being fully present during everyday moments provides the foundation for tackling the big moments. As this article explains, great athletes and leaders alike understand that fear of failure is a distraction that can cripple performance, which is why they focus on process rather than outcome. It is easy to get rattled under pressure, but trusting one’s preparation helps to ensure commitment to the moment.

Nine meetings involving 786 directors and would-be directors were held at the Institute of Corporate Directors with the objective of facilitating a discussion on leader character with people experienced in the practice of corporate governance as well as with individuals interested in becoming directors. Following the sessions, a survey of attendees was conducted. This article presents what the authors learned and offers six recommendations for improving the director search, evaluation, performance review and renewal processes: 1. Be explicit about search criteria and include the character dimensions along with competencies. 2. Ensure that whoever does interviewing is, in fact, a good interviewer. 3. When multiple interviews are done sequentially, ensure that each interviewer has a set of questions so that the sessions are comprehensive but not repetitive. Furthermore, schedule a session of all involved in the process to share their observations. 4. Task the search consultant, if one is used, with developing a comprehensive list of referees who actually know the potential nominee. 5. When asking a referee whether they “know” someone, care must be taken to understand the context of this knowledge. 6. If a candidate resists or resents discussion about character, then you should resist the candidate.