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In 2021, the US grocery industry had been undergoing several changes. The competitive landscape had changed significantly since the first decade of the twenty-first century. Walmart Inc. (Walmart) had emerged as the dominant retailer in all markets leading to bankruptcies and mergers with erstwhile market leaders. However, mistakes made by Walmart in that same period allowed ALDI SÜD Dienstleistungs-SE & Co. (Aldi) to make its presence felt with Walmart’s customers. Aldi was gaining its advantage through rapid expansion, with an increasingly broader assortment of products meant to attract upscale customers. Walmart initially tried to respond by opening small-format stores. Walmart had to decide whether this was the right approach to use to fight Aldi, or whether it was even a worthwhile fight. On the other hand, Aldi needed to be careful with how fast and far it should deviate from the core business model that had been instrumental in its success. Finally, the grocery business model had a growing online component that became more prominent during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, Aldi and Walmart also had essential decisions to incorporate these online aspects into their respective business models.

<p align="justify">Bhagwati Steel Centre, a family-owned trading firm located in Ghaziabad, India, was facing a short-term decline in revenue from its core business, trading iron and steel components, during the COVID-19 pandemic. The company’s four partners felt that this was the right time to diversify and expand their business to establish more sources of revenue and income; they were considering diversifying and expanding their business using a business integration strategy and had to choose between two options: backward or forward integration. However, the partners had several financial factors to consider before making the final choice. What factors would influence and determine the better option for the company’s cash flow? What effect would a potential boom or bust in the market have on the two proposed expansion strategies and on cash flow? What financial techniques were available to evaluate the two proposals and which should be the preferred technique? Finally, should the company opt for backward or forward integration?</p>

Spreadsheet to accompany product W29384.

In January 2021, Girish Hanchate, the vice-president of the industrial distribution segment at SKF India Ltd. (SFK India), located in the Indian city of Pune, was facing a difficult problem. He had to find a way to mitigate the ongoing drop in sales from key industrial customers in India resulting from COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns, with many SKF India customers switching to lower-priced competitors. SKF India had been successfully delivering industry-leading, high-value products, services, and knowledge-engineered solutions to its customers for many years. The company was well respected for its outstanding product quality, performance, and unmatched customer-centric approach. However, Hanchate was wondering if he should rethink the company’s business strategy. The drop in customers meant a significant revenue loss for SKF India because the industrial division was a significant profit driver for the company.

In February 2021, the responsible seafood program officer for World Wide Fund for Nature Singapore (WWF-Singapore) was looking to encourage a collective change in the consumption of sustainable seafood. Promoting sustainable seafood in Singapore, however, had not been easy. Due to cultural influences and the nature of seafood trading, driving a change in the sourcing and consumption of seafood among stakeholders required significant effort and creativity. Identified stakeholders were generally either slow in acting or unresponsive. With each party pushing the responsibility to another, the challenge facing the program officer and WWF-Singapore’s market transformation team was how to overcome this deadlock of inertia. WWF-Singapore believed that it was necessary to understand and address each stakeholder separately, as stakeholders required specific communication messages and support to help them make a change. However, with limited resources, WWF-Singapore had to be strategic in deciding who to target and how.

GRW Engineering (Pty) Ltd. (GRW) is a road transport equipment designer, manufacturer, and servicer based in South Africa. With GRW facing increased competition in 2022 when one of GRW’s major suppliers buys out a local competitor, Gerhard Van der Merwe, co-founder of GRW and chief executive officer since its inception in 1996, knows that GRW must now compete directly against a giant multinational and develop an appropriate strategy. Van Der Merwe must decide whether to compete directly with the international firm or to internationalize. If GRW were to internationalize, he will need to determine whether to focus GRW’s energies on Sub-Saharan Africa or to manufacture in Europe.

Snowman Logistics Ltd was publicly listed in 2014 at a huge premium to the issue price. The company was the first pan-Indian player in the temperature-controlled logistics industry, which was largely unorganized and fragmented. Changing consumer preferences and increasing demand for processed food were expected to drive the business’s growth rates and profitability. However, India updated its accounting standards in 2019, which impacted Snowman’s financial statements. Even after six years of listing, the company had failed to meet expected growth in revenue and profitability, and an assessment needs to be made about why it failed to meet investor expectations.

Concise Industries Private Limited (Concise Industries), a small enterprise operating in the material handling and control equipment sector, manufactured fixed cranes and undertook annual maintenance contracts for its clients scattered across India. In the face of the uncertainty posed by COVID-19, the owner was contemplating whether to stick with the company’s current strategy or to expand to take advantage of the benefits of growth in this industry. As the economy continued to improve, he believed that demand for these goods would rise. He was considering project expansion but was unsure whether this move would bring value to his company. Hence, he was investigating several project expansion proposals and associated expected cash flow projections to make an investment decision.

A young paralegal joined the London, UK law firm Darby & Fox LLP in August 2020. The position was a one-year contract during the COVID-19 pandemic. The paralegal was subjected to employee discrimination and harassment, starting with a requirement to be in the office, unlike other workers, because she was a newly-hired contract-based employee. She endured overwork, job threats, and simultaneous work assignments from an associate partner, as well as his spouse and colleague. Workplace conflict aggravated her situation, receiving increased workload, longer work hours, lack of compensation for overtime, delegated work from other paralegals, and monitored office activity. Even the process for approval of time off work was changed, making it more cumbersome for her to take a one-day leave. The paralegal wondered how to resolve her situation.

When it comes to valuing projects in highly uncertain business environments, real options valuation (ROV) isn’t popular as a management tool despite having long been touted as a best practice in academic circles. Seeking to understand why industry has failed to adopt this best practice, the authors interviewed valuation specialists in finance, consulting, and the mining industry. This article aims to help more industry players see ROV as, well, a real and valuable option by highlighting the case for using real options in highly uncertain business environments and offering recommendations on how to effectively deploy ROV. The authors found that the poor adoption of ROV occurs for three key reasons. First, it happens due to a lack of managerial expertise and knowledge. Second, the ROV computation process is highly complex. Third, communication issues exist because the outcomes of ROV are not easily understood without strong knowledge of the underlying concepts. To overcome these limitations and promote the use of real options, the authors present three recommendations: improve training and education, practice greater transparency, and communicate clearly. In order to facilitate these three recommendations, the authors have developed a new ROV software tool to value commodity-producing projects such as mines or refineries. Their Monte Carlo simulation method approximates the ROV by determining the optimal exercise strategy, enabling users to model complex real options problems that include multiple stochastic variables, early exercise rights, and operational flexibility.

Student spreadsheet to accompany Ivey product no. W28030.

Two women entrepreneurs co-founded a profitable direct-to-consumer apparel brand called Suta. In June 2021, as the business owners were planning to increase advertising expenditure and scale up operations, they were confronted with a declining return on advertising spend on social commerce and other digital platforms. The co-founders needed to make use of marketing analytics to examine the effectiveness of their online store in converting visitors into customers and decide whether adopting a conversion rate optimization strategy could help improve performance.

Planet Milk produced and distributed A2 milk in Bhubaneswar, the capital city of the state of Orissa, in India. Despite the best efforts of its founder, Planet Milk had remained unprofitable since the COVID-19 pandemic struck in March 2020. In January 2022, the founder considered three broad alternatives to revive his milk business. The first was to change the milk’s packaging from glass bottles to Tetra Pak cartons. This change in packaging would increase the milk’s shelf life, allow wider customer reach, and improve revenues. The second alternative was to introduce an online order management option for consumers, which would increase the visibility of demand and thereby increase the operational efficiency of the business, reduce wastage and logistics costs, and increase profits. However, these options also required significant capital investments that would potentially not be recouped if the desired increase in sales did not occur. The third option was to target institutional buyers or retail channel partners, which would potentially increase sales but also decrease margins and increase credit. The founder had three months to implement a revival plan; if it proved unsuccessful, he could sell the business.

In September 2021, the chief human resources officer of the video intelligence firm Wobot.ai saw a negative review on the online platform Glassdoor, which accused her of being a figurehead who achieved her leadership position only because she was the founder’s wife. Despite her numerous professional achievements, including being recognized as one of the 2019 “Shepreneurs: Women to Watch” by Entrepreneur India magazine, the chief human resources officer was shaken by the demeaning sexist remark in the glaringly public review that threatened her personal brand and the company’s reputation. The review had already deterred one potential applicant from joining the organization. The chief human resources officer considered the review a personal attack and wanted to defend her personal brand identity. She was also eager to call out offensive stereotypical remarks that could create a hostile workplace environment. However, the Wobot.ai leadership team was wondering which response strategy would be the best approach for the organization.

It was September 2022, and, despite a long day at the office, Stephen Price had a lot to consider. He had just finished a meeting with the development and sales team at Graywood Developments (Graywood), during which they had discussed one of the latest developments in Graywood’s pipeline—the Centricity project. With a zoning bylaw amendment (ZBA) in hand, kicking off sales for the project was the next step in the process. However, with a looming recession and an anticipated cooling of the real estate market, Price had to decide whether to proceed with a sales launch in the first quarter of 2023, or shelve the launch until market conditions improved. Graywood could ultimately launch sales in January 2023 in the hope of achieving an average selling price of CA$1,650 per square foot, or it could delay the launch until January 2024 and hopefully sell at $1,700 per square foot or higher—though there was no guarantee that the market would improve. He wondered what impact his decision would have on Graywood’s plans to launch its tenth real estate fund in 2023. This case includes a complex merchant developer Microsoft Excel model, whereby students can adjust inputs and observe how key metrics change.

Student Spreadsheet to accompany product W34120.

Instructor Spreadsheet to accompany product W34121.

In May 2022, Rohan Jain, the second-generation entrepreneur of an Indian family-managed carpet design firm, TexCarp Consulting, had to decide whether to enter a new vertical with one of their biggest clients, American Carpets. The opportunity involved using technology and personnel to carry out virtual reality rendering for American Carpets so that the US-based company could showcase its products to clients in virtual space. Jain tried to convince his father to invest. But the technology involved high costs, and Jains’s father was opposed to the idea, since it would involve tying capital to fixed costs. But Jain could also convert the fixed costs into variable costs by either hiring technology or outsourcing the project. Should Jain go ahead with the VR rendering project? And if so, which of the three options should he select: buy, hire, or outsource the required technology and personnel?

Spreadsheet to accompany product W34204.

In January 2019, the Competition Commission of India approved a significant merger in India’s fast-moving consumer goods industry. The merger between Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL) and GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare Limited (GSKCONS) took place in April 2020. The deal helped HUL strengthen its food and refreshments business and diversify into the health food drinks market. The hefty purchase price paid for the merger led HUL to record massive goodwill and other intangible assets that had previously not been recorded on GSKCONS financial statements. An investor researching the merger noticed these drastically increased values and wondered how a product company could have such high intangible assets on its balance sheet. What was HUL’s strategic motive in the merger? Had it acquired some right-to-use assets from GSKCONS that had led to an increase in other intangible assets? What were the potential sources of value from the merger? Would the merger benefit HUL in the long run?