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This note is a description of the competitive structure of the Mexican beer industry in 1994. It is written to provide information necessary to evaluate the Mexican market in regard to its export potential and/or investment potential. Labatt Ice, was written at the same time, and it compares the Canadian and U.S. markets. This note enables the discussion to be extended to also include the Mexican market.

The manager for Asia of James Hardie, a major Australian company in the building products industry, must decide whether to recommend a proposed $50 million investment in the Philippines. If James Hardie is to make the investment and grow the company, should it do so as a joint venture with Jardine, James Hardie's Hong Kong-based distributor in the Philippines, go it alone, or form a joint venture with a Philippine company? This is a major investment for James Hardie and marks the beginning of its new growth initiative into Asia after a period of consolidation. If the project goes ahead, James Hardie's Asia headquarters would be moved from Kuala Lumpur to Manila.

The director of human resources for Grupo Industrial Bimbo, S.A., was involved in a corporate re-engineering initiative. In response to the changing Mexican business environment, the company's senior executives had initiated a review of operations in an attempt to increase competitiveness and ensure the company's survival. The conclusions of the initial benchmarking studies, and some people dedicated to the re-engineering effort, recommended laying off 6,000 of the company's 40,000 workers to reduce and control costs. The directors were concerned about how the company could preserve its corporate culture. A follow-up case (9A98M011) is available.

The director of human resources for Grupo Industrial Bimbo, S.A., was involved in a corporate re-engineering initiative. The conclusions of the initial benchmarking studies recommended laying off 6,000 of the company's 40,000 workers to reduce and control costs. This case describes what the company did and is intended to be used in conjunction with the (A) case, 9A98M010.

A production-driven company that produces televisions under contract has constant problems meeting production schedules. Because of personal ties to the owner, the finance manager from a holding company has been promoted to general manager of Kami to straighten out the mess. He faces major challenges because of his lack of production and general management experience and of credibility due to his age and lower seniority. A major challenge will be how to handle the hostility of the production manager who expected to be promoted.

The special projects manager of Mega Corporation, must make a recommendation to Mega's owner, about Mega's investment in a television production facility at Clark Special Economic Zone, the Philippines. Initially the investment was to have been Mega's first venture into being an original equipment television manufacturer; sourcing parts and selling the output on its own. Recently, however, Aiwa and Mega have had negotiations about the plant becoming a sole supplier for Aiwa's new initiative into television production. Under this arrangement, Mega would assemble televisions for Aiwa from parts either sourced through Aiwa or sourced on its own - if these parts were less expensive yet met Aiwa's standards. Mega's profits would be about $2 per unit plus 50 per cent of any cost saving on the components it sourced.

Citibank was the first U.S. bank to establish operations in China when it opened a branch in Shanghai in 1902. From the early 1940s until 1984, Citibank was absent from China, but since 1984 it had gradually re-established an active presence. In 1997, Citibank had reached a crossroads. It had to decide how best to participate in the rapid growth of the Chinese economy and the huge inflow of foreign direct investment. Citibank had many competitive advantages on the basis of which it had established a unique strategy that excluded joint ventures. In 1997, a wide variety of new potential services included credit cards, RMB (Chinese currency) banking, and various fee-based services. Government regulations still severely restricted the types of loans foreign banks could make, but it was expected that these regulations might soon be liberalized. How should Citibank N.A. in China best position itself for the future?

Richmond Engineering is a successful Vancouver-based entrepreneurial manufacturer of roadway light poles that has decided to expand into Asia rather than attempting to compete in Eastern Canada or the United States. The process of finding and qualifying leads for joint ventures, the stages for developing an agreement according to Chinese business practice, and the pressures of negotiating with the Chinese are all described in detail.

In early 1996, the vice president of the instant drinks department of Nestle (Philippines), had to decide how to respond to a major change in Nestle's environment. Until January 1996, imports of coffee in any form - green beans, roasted, or ground and processed - were prohibited. As of January 1996, however, coffee within a specified quota could be imported over a 30 per cent tariff. Nestle was the only foreign-owned producer of coffee in the Philippines and had over 60 per cent of the market, up from 52 per cent seven years before. Over the same period, total coffee consumption in the Philippines doubled. Nestle produced its coffee from Philippine-grown robusta beans, since Philippine arabica beans were of inferior quality. Outside the Philippines, however, usually a mixture of robusta and arabica beans were used. There were rumors that both Procter and Gamble (Folgers) and Kraft General Goods (Maxwell House) were planning to enter the Philippine market, initially via imports, but possibly in the future with production facilities.

Wascana Energy Inc., an oil and gas producer, had just rejected an unsolicited $1.8 billion takeover offer from Talisman Energy Inc. Rival Canadian Occidental Petroleum Ltd. had gained access to confidential Wascana data in order to determine whether a higher bid than Talisman's was warranted, and if so, how to structure the deal. The acquisition would need to make strategic sense.

The managing director of a new Malaysian producer of stainless steel tubing received a letter from the company's attorney in Washington, DC, informing him that the U.S. Specialty Tube Group had written to the U.S. President concerning stainless steel tubing imported into the U.S. from Korea, Taiwan, Thailand and Malaysia at dumped prices that was causing injury to the U.S. industry. For the next year, the managing director considered how he should respond to this threat, while at the same time increasing the company's exports to the U.S. so that it could meet its sales and profits goals. One year later, he was informed that a formal antidumping action had been taken against imports of stainless steel tubing from Malaysia (and other countries). He is considering what he should do now, both to preserve the company's U.S. market and maintain alternative markets in other countries.

The primary decision maker operated an extensive shrimp farming business in Ecuador. The shrimp value chain consisted of many activities that culminated in the preparation of a wide variety of frozen appetizers and dinners. In order to increase profitability, the company faced the challenges of moving up the value chain. Meanwhile, global consumption of shrimp value-added products was increasing rapidly. Foreign food processors and retailers had an interest in guaranteeing supply by integrating backwards into the shrimp farming business. A joint venture might offer benefits to both the company and a foreign corporation. The case raises issues of concern from the perspective of both potential partners. Ecuador had just emerged from a political revolution; interest rates and foreign exchange rates were unstable; financial institutions in Ecuador were charging extremely high interest rates; labour unrest might result in various kinds of work stoppages. In such a rapidly changing environment of business, how should the company plan for its economic future?

International Decorative Glass (IDG) is a small manufacturer of glass panels which are inserted into exterior steel doors. While their primary market is in the U.S., most of IDG's manufacturing is done in China through a joint venture arrangement. In response to rapidly growing customer demand, the vice president of operations, is considering the expansion of either their Chinese or Canadian manufacturing operations. Alternatively, he has been approached by a supplier to form a new joint venture manufacturing operation in Vietnam. Financial, political and infrastructural considerations must be weighed, in addition to any signal that would be sent to their current Chinese partners.

VBF Tubing, a Dutch firm, is facing increased demand for its products, high inventory levels, and expensive setup costs. In light of these problems, the logistics manager must decide how to respond to a proposal that longer production runs be scheduled. The production, cost and market data supplied permit the students to explore the necessity and implications of changing production batch sizes on these competing priorities. In particular, the application of the traditional Economic Order Quantity can be assessed based on other facility-wide operating practices.

The general sales manager for Rossiter Tool Company, PLC, has received a request from a dealer who has been selling the Rossiter line of tools for approximately four years. The dealer wishes to be considered as a territorial distributor, thus qualifying him for additional discounts on purchases from Rossiter. Rossiter executives realize that granting this request will mean a shift in the company's distribution policy.

Nortel, a large Canadian telecommunications company, has been doing business in China since 1972. By mid-1994, Nortel had successfully developed two joint ventures in China but two others were bogged down in negotiations. The two that had been finalized would not make any money for Nortel, while the one in Guangdong that would make a profit was hopelessly bogged down. The chairman of Nortel China was contemplating alternative ways of expediting the negotiations. One alternative was to help the Chinese achieve their telecommunication-related industrial policy, by investing in an agreement whereby Nortel would help train R&D technical experts in China; this demonstration of goodwill might expedite the Guangdong project. Other options included selecting a new set of more cooperative partners; standing tough in the current negotiations; using the unsigned Advanced Semiconductor joint venture as a bargaining chip, as it would contribute to the Chinese government's goal of industrial self-sufficiency; or investing more heavily in back door and guanxi relationships. If Nortel could not find a way in which to expedite negotiations with the Chinese, one of Nortel's major competitors could easily pick up where Nortel left off.

Management is faced with a broad range of opposition and criticism after closing the telemarketing operation. Labor organizations force legal proceedings, the primary telecommunications workers union in Mexico demands action under the Labor Side Agreement of the North American Free Trade Agreement and, ultimately, a court ruling demands that the company rehire and compensate employees displaced by the closure of the operation. This case was written to accompany Sprint - La Conexion Familiar (A), case 9A97C001.

Procter & Gamble has been in Eastern Europe for 2 1/2 years. The case outlines the problems, missed opportunities and difficulties Procter & Gamble has had in transplanting their corporate culture onto the newly liberalized economies of Eastern Europe. The case requires students to generate alternatives for Procter & Gamble's future strategy in Eastern Europe given the political, economic, societal, and technological (PEST) environment.

Management must decide what action to take with a small telemarketing operation that is about to vote on union representation. If employees vote in favor of a union, the operation would become the first business unit to be represented by a union. Closure of the plant is an option to be considered. The mostly Hispanic workforce becomes an additional consideration in the (B) case, 9A97C002.

Procter & Gamble must determine an entry strategy for Eastern Europe. The case examines the former Soviet Bloc countries, the opportunity they provide for a business endeavor like Procter & Gamble, and the product choices Procter & Gamble has available to them. Students must examine the political, economic, societal, and technological (PEST) environment and determine if the newly liberalized economies of Eastern Europe provide appropriate investment opportunities for Procter & Gamble. Students must also determine the scope of the necessary investment, the time profile and the difficulties it may face. A follow-up case (9A97H002) is available.