In 2009, Chile's Finance Minister Andres Velasco's fortunes had been reversed. His fiscal policy that had come under attack just a year ago had been used to finance a $4 billion fiscal stimulus package amid the global economic downturn. Velasco was now Chile's most popular minister. However, the future of Chile's fiscal policy was questionable with the election of a new president, Sebastian Pinera, the first conservative leader to lead Chile in two decades.
We refer to a model that uses mathematical programming to find an optimal quantity as an optimization model. Thus, an optimization model differs from an evaluation model in that it goes beyond simply evaluating the consequences of proposed alternatives: It actually identifies the "optimal" alternative. How does an optimization model accomplish this impressive task? In this age of readily available computing power and ever more user-friendly software, it is possible to build and use optimization models without a detailed understanding of the mathematics that underlie the answer to this question. To truly take advantage of this capability, however, it is necessary to have a basic understanding of some core concepts. The primary objective of this note is to introduce these concepts. This note is highly pragmatic; the companion note "The Mathematics of Optimization" (UV4309) explores more deeply the mathematical foundations of the concepts and is designed for the user with the motivation and mathematical background to further explore the topic.
This technical note provides a mostly nontechnical introduction to analytical probability distributions. The distributions covered are: uniform, triangular, normal, Poisson, exponential, lognormal, and binomial.
In 2009, Samsung invited Professor Bernd Schmitt to advise the company about how it could transform its brand and appeal to consumers on an emotional level. Although Samsung was generally well-regarded for its technological skill and steady execution, it had a reputation for lacking innovation and creativity. In this case, students accompany Schmitt on his journey from Seoul to Silicon Valley to Las Vegas as he discovers how a revolutionary new camera might change consumers' perception of the brand.
In Feb. 2010, management of the Huffington Post, a fast-growing but not-yet-profitable Internet newspaper that aggregates blog posts from unpaid contributors and excerpts of stories originally published by other news sites, faces a number of decisions about its growth strategy. Foremost, Huffington Post management must determine whether to rely to a greater extent upon social networking technologies (e.g., Facebook, Twitter) to select and present the content delivered to specific users or continue to rely on human editors to play a curator role.
Microsoft's IP Ventures program, through which Microsoft spun out promising but unused technologies into new companies, is a new approach to corporate venture capital. The program provides "IP for equity" and has proven very successful in achieving its main goals-improved morale among researchers who like knowing their technology is being used, improved relationships with the venture capital community particularly in Silicon Valley, and good PR. Many of the eight companies launched so far are doing well. Yet how can the program be scaled beyond its current size, and how can it structure its investments to reduce the dilution that Microsoft invariably faces, given that it does not invest beyond the technology that seeds the company initially?
Park Hyeon-Joo, the founder and Chairman of Korea's earliest and largest mutual fund company, plans to expand internationally. After first offering emerging market funds to his Korean customers, the company then began selling local-currency funds in India and Brazil. Now he has to decide his next steps. Should he build on his emerging market expertise and focus his business expansion in developing countries? If so, where should he concentrate his efforts -- India, Brazil, China, or other countries? Or should he instead focus on expanding into developed markets through operations in New York and London?
Protegra is a small company established in 1998 in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The company specializes in the area of computer software development and business performance consulting. Protegra features a unique organizational design, characterized by a lack of hierarchy and a collegial, professional culture centered on employee and customer values. Various information systems support Protegra's design. In the process of expanding into foreign markets and enlarging staff, Protegra has been concerned with preserving its way.
A senior manager at IBM Canada Ltd. is trying to determine how best to implement strategy developed at the global level. The Business Transformation Executive, Sales & Distribution, IBM Canada Ltd., is responsible for introducing, maintaining and retiring software programs to support IBM Canada's business needs. In October 2009, the senior manager is trying to assess if the customer relationship management (CRM) developed locally should continue to be supported or if the planned switchover to a global standard CRM should continue as scheduled. The case is intended for students to discuss the challenges of implementing global IT strategy at the local or country unit level.
Praxis Language is a small company in China started by three non-Chinese entrepreneurs. Originally focused on teaching Chinese to native English speakers using podcasting and other online tools, Praxis has also developed content to teach English to native Chinese speakers, which the company perceives as a much bigger market. The case describes the challenges facing the co-founder of Praxis as he navigates emerging mobile technology (hardware and software), the complexities of doing business in China, and the consequences of explosive growth.
In 2009, Geert Rijkaard, the founder of a Dutch currency management firm whose investment models had made him one of the richest men in the world, sued a large U.S. bank for more than $300 million for breaking a joint-venture agreement. The judgment would depend largely on the answer to a single question: Was Rijkaard's firm truly capable of delivering the returns it had promised? Both sides offer detailed financial analyses supported by their own research. This case places students in the role of the court tribunal, and asks them to interpret the evidence and determine the appropriate ruling.
In 2009, Geert Rijkaard, the founder of a Dutch currency management firm whose investment models had made him one of the richest men in the world, sued a large U.S. bank for more than $300 million for breaking a joint-venture agreement. The judgment would depend largely on the answer to a single question: Was Rijkaard's firm truly capable of delivering the returns it had promised? Both sides offer detailed financial analyses supported by their own research. This case places students in the role of the court tribunal, and asks them to interpret the evidence and determine the appropriate ruling.
In March 2007, the vice-chairman and managing director of Eureka Forbes Ltd. is reflecting upon 25 years of market leadership in the water purifier business in India, but is troubled by the very low penetration compared to potential. In 25 years, the company has undergone significant evolution in all of its key strategic levers - technology, brands and channels. Can the company use its vast market learning and experience to achieve a breakthrough in penetrating the mass market for water purifiers in India? Other external pressures also apply. With climate concerns reaching a crescendo globally, water sustainability issues are in the spotlight, especially in large and rapidly industrializing countries such as India. This presents both enormous challenges and opportunities for Eureka Forbes. The vice-chairman and managing director is looking to his top 150 managers who will assemble at the company's annual strategic planning meeting to come up with fresh market strategies.
What material should be included in a teaching note, the instructional tool that accompanies your business school case study -- and makes its use far more likely? All good teaching notes have several characteristics in common. This technical note can help any business school professor, case writer, or collaborator create a teaching note that helps an instructor use your case to its fullest potential.
Aravind, a network of hospitals in India, is the largest provider of eye care in the world. Aravind performs approximately 270,000 surgeries per year and serves over 2 million patients. Aravind's leadership has set the goal of one million surgeries and 100 hospitals by 2015. This case asks students to evaluate Aravind's history, strategy, organizational structure, etc. to determine what steps it needs to take to reach that goal. Particular questions are focused on human resources, process standardization, and business model development.
The case first describes the evolution of Cisco Systems of San Jose, California, from a narrowly-focused routing and switching equipment vendor, with a highly effective competitive strategy, into a diversified networking and IT giant. This growth was fuelled by many acquisitions, the rationale of which developed over time, in light of the growth opportunities and challenges which Cisco encountered. The events described in the case took place in early 2007, while Cisco was considering the acquisition of IronPort, a security software company. A decision to purchase IronPort would symbol a continual divergence from Cisco's old and famous acquisition strategy of acquiring young entrepreneurial firms, to complement its internal development efforts and become a one-stop-shop for its networking customers. This divergence started a few years earlier, with the acquisition of large firms like Linksys and Scientific Atlanta, labeled by Cisco's management as "platform" deals.
In May 2009 the Office of the Chief Actuary for the U.S. Social Security Administration projected that by 2016 the Social Security Trust Fund would begin to spend more money than it took in through tax revenue. Further, by 2037 the balance in the Trust Fund would be down to zero, necessitating cuts in benefits to retirees. The U.S. Social Security system thus faced a long-term financial problem that needed to be addressed sooner rather than later. The experience of other countries in reforming their own systems of old-age insurance might provide some guidance for U.S. policymakers as they attempt to deal with the long-run fiscal challenges facing the U.S. Social Security system. This case focuses on reforms of old-age insurance systems in three countries: Australia, Mexico, and Sweden.
Recommended for MBAs, this case is one of a pair of cases used in a merger negotiation exercise. It is designed to be used with "Mars, Incorporated" (UVA-F-1612), but it can also be used on its own. One-half the class prepares only the Wrigley case, and the other half uses the Mars case. Wrigley and Mars are considering a merger and are in the process of negotiating a merger agreement. Macroeconomic assumptions, particularly forecasting future sugar prices in an uncertain environment, and assumptions about Wrigley's value make Wrigley's future cash flows difficult to predict.
Recommended for MBAs, this case is one of a pair of cases used in a merger negotiation exercise. It is designed to be used with "Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company" (UVA-F-1607), but it can also be used on its own. One-half the class prepares only the Wrigley case, and the other half uses the Mars case. Wrigley and Mars are considering a merger and are in the process of negotiating a merger agreement. Macroeconomic assumptions, particularly forecasting future sugar prices in an uncertain environment, and assumptions about Wrigley's value make Wrigley's future cash flows difficult to predict.