It's not easy being lean. And for many companies, getting lean right the first time does not always happen. Lean is a management philosophy focused on identifying and eliminating waste throughout a product's entire value stream, extending not only within the organization but also along the company's supply chain network. Lean promises significant benefits in terms of waste reduction, and increased organizational and supply chain communication and integration. Implementing lean, however, and achieving the levels of organizational commitment, employee autonomy, and information transparency needed to ensure its success is a daunting task. This article describes in detail two lean implementation projects within the same company: a global manufacturer of food processing machines and equipment. The first project was a failure, while the second is viewed as a success. Examining these projects in detail, the major criteria and conditions that led to either lean failure or lean success are identified. Based on these conditions, we highlight a number of lessons learned, all of which may help other organizations ensure the success of their own lean implementation and improvement efforts.

It looked like founder-CEO Brian Scudamore might not be able to pursue franchising as a growth option for his junk-removal business after all. Over the years, he had overcome many hurdles, including buying out his "too-fiery" co-founder, firing all of his employees so he could start all over again when he became disillusioned with the company's developing culture, and failing at experimenting with student franchising to increase the rate of growth. Now looking to expand within North America, he had turned to a professional franchising model and had developed a new brand to help grow the business. Paul Guy, his first franchisee who was beginning his operations in Toronto, had just called. "Brian, my wife's relative just told me that I'm crazy to open here because the city picks up things for free. It's crazy to charge $300 to pick something up when they can get the same service for free! We had never heard of that in Vancouver, but that's a big problem here!" Was Guy over-reacting, or had Scudamore made a major mistake in his growth strategy?

Studio Moderna is the leading electronic retailer in 20 countries in and around Central and Eastern Europe, and use a multi-channel business strategy, organizational structure, and IT system. When management conflicts arise, Sandi Cesko, CEO and co-founder must decide whether to change his in-sourcing strategy to out-sourcing.

A search fund is a pool of capital raised to financially support the efforts of an entrepreneur, or a team of entrepreneurs, to locate a privately held company for acquisition. This study, as well as its predecessors in 1996, 1998, 2001,2003, and 2005 portrays the aggregate profile of search funds and the entrepreneurs who formed them, and evaluates the investment returns generated by first-time search funds to their original investors. Together, these studies reflect changes in the characteristics of search fund entrepreneurs and the performance of their funds over time.

In 2007, corporate governance became a well-discussed topic in the business press. Newspapers produced detailed accounts of corporate fraud, accounting scandals, excessive compensation, and other perceived organizational failures-many of which culminated in lawsuits, resignations, and bankruptcy. Central to these stories was the assumption that somehow corporate governance was to blame. That is, there was a functional failure in the system of checks and balances established to prevent abuse by executives. This case explores the various corporate governance systems that have been adopted in the United States and in various countries in Europe and Asia. The issues of control, director independence, auditor independence, dual-board versus unitary-board structure, comply-or-explain, and legislative versus market-driven solutions are explored. Readers are asked to evaluate what governance systems or elements they consider to be most effective. Plentiful examples--including Johnson & Johnson, BMW Group, Michelin, Heineken, Toyota, Samsung, Posco, PetroChina, Infosys, and many others--are used throughout as illustration.

In 2006, Hewlett-Packard (HP) admitted it had hired outside investigators to spy on members of its board of directors and journalists to uncover the source of several leaks of confidential board deliberations. The investigators used methods, including "pretexting" (using an assumed identity in order to access others' telephone records), which were possibly illegal and almost certainly unethical. This case uses company e-mails, internal reports, meeting minutes, and published memoirs and interviews to present various perspectives on HP's leak investigations, including those of its non-executive chairman, CEO, former CEO, board members, managers, and investigators. What problem was HP attempting to address? Did the board's behavior conform to accepted standards of good corporate governance? Were the investigation's methods ethical? What, if anything, should the company and its chairman, Patricia Dunn, have done differently? How could HP's new CEO, Mark Hurd, best assure effective governance and ethical behavior in the future?

The Reflexite Corporation made plastic films and other products engineered to focus reflected light. The company had recently shifted their strategy to include new applications in broader markets. In March, 2007, the organization structure and compensation systems that had successfully guided the company to this time were under fire. Michael Foley, Chief Executive Officer of the Reflexite Corporation had to decide whether to proceed with a change in company's employee stock ownership plan. The management and employees had held two rounds of "town meetings" to discuss changes in the allocation formula that determined how much stock employees would receive. Their recommendation was to change to allocate stock based on corporate-wide performance. Previously, the company based allocations on business-unit performance, causing wide variance in the amount of stock employees received. While the non-binding "town meeting" vote favored the change by a wide margin, the Chairman of the Board of Directors was adamant in his opposition. Foley, still in his first year as CEO wondered; the employees had spoken, but when the man who had built the company strongly objected, shouldn't one listen?

The owners of Aquarius Ales, a popular Sixth Street pub in Austin, Texas, received an offer to sell their business to a pair of University of Texas business school graduates for $450,000. Was this a fair offer? If not, what would be an appropriate counter offer? The case looks at the prospect for revenues for the pub in light of declining alcohol consumption among the general population. Aquarius Ales' niche was appealing to those who liked 60s and 70s music, with its name coming from a song in the hit sixties musical "Hair." Although the pub's main product - alcoholic beverages - was a commodity, the pub had the advantage of a desirable location, decrease in the number of competitors and a population of college students who enjoyed "oldies."

Richard Bennett was faced with a serious ethical dilemma that would impact his career, family, and co-workers. Bennett, a regional vice president in the Cable Division of Centurion Media, believed that a contract executed by the new president of his division, Joseph Fowler, would cause significant financial losses for Bennett's own division and the company. Bennett suspected that Fowler might have a serious conflict of interest, since he owned stock and options in Northpark-the company with which he had negotiated the contract. Bennett was only two years from retirement. If he chose to protest the contract, it would likely have very unpleasant consequences -- including jeopardizing his own financial security. He would probably be fired. Additionally, his actions might endanger the careers of other employees and co-workers. The personal relationship between the CEO of Centurion Media, Chuck Reilly, and Fowler made Bennett's decision more difficult. When Bennett contacted the general counsel and controller in the corporate office of Centurion Media, they suggested he back off. He was surprised by their stance that the contract, which Bennett thought would be financially disastrous, was in the best interest of the company. The Controller went so far as to remind Bennett how near he was to retirement, emphasizing that he should be concerned about protecting his job. What should Bennett do about the situation he faced?

The J&J Electrical Contractors case is an example of a small regional family business that has found a way to compete against the larger and more comprehensive electrical contractors in the industry and be successful. The company is currently run by a husband-and-wife team, John and Jean Abernathy, with John serving as CEO and Jean as CFO. The Abernathys took the company to 2005 revenues of $5.22 million, a growth of 75.2% over revenues of $2.98 million in 2001. However, despite increasing revenues, profit margins have eroded over the past four years. The case describes the electrical-contracting industry, the type of work done by the firms in the industry and the forces acting in the industry such as the high cost of homes, especially in Southern California, increasing the demand for remodeling and the continued increases in energy costs and metal prices, many of which are critical in performing electrical contracting work. The case ends with the need for the Abernathys to improve the company's deteriorating profitability and a number of possible future directions the company could take to accomplish that. The case has benefited from extensive interviews and complete access to the company and its principals. Several excerpts from interviews with them give a good account of what it's like managing a small growing company. The case will challenge students to integrate industry and competitive dynamics with regulatory and market demands to devise a set of worthy strategic alternatives to help revive J&J's flagging profitability.

The purpose of this case was to determine whether ACE Private Equity Partners, a mid-size private equity fund, should acquire two physical therapy companies in order to develop them for subsequent sale to a larger private equity firm. This situation represented another opportunity for ACE's general partners to implement their "merger consolidation" investment strategy for their fund investors or limited partners. This investment strategy was to buy several private firms in the same industry, develop them for three to five years with revenue growth and cost saving synergies and, then, sell this larger consolidated company. This investment strategy was summarized by three major tactics: 1) build more valuable companies through growth and consolidation, 2) use arbitrage to buy smaller companies at lower private company EBITDA multiples and, then, sell them as a larger combined enterprise at higher public company EBITDA multiples, and 3) leverage the acquisitions with debt to spread risk and enhance returns.

This case has been developed to facilitate a negotiation exercise related to the formation of partnership deals in the healthcare industry. It is based on actual information, but reflects a hypothetical situation involving two companies and a product that have all been disguised. The scenario described within the case involves Pharmac, a large pharmaceutical company, and Respire, a small medical start-up. Pharmac and Respire began negotiating a partnership to develop and eventually market an inhaled form of parathyroid hormone (PTH) to treat osteoporosis. If successful, this product would improve the available options for the treatment of osteoporosis. It was also expected to produce "blockbuster" sales since it would make PTH, an already extremely effective treatment option, more convenient and appealing to a large segment of untreated patients who were injection-averse (injection was the standard delivery mechanism for this drug). Development of the product was highly speculative and was expected to take six to seven years due to early stage development of the inhalable delivery system and the multi-year Phase III fracture trials required for approval. Pharmac had released the first man-made, injectable form of parathyroid hormone, called Strocal, in 2002. However, no one had yet developed a non-injectable version of PTH, despite efforts by Pharmac and other companies that spanned more than a decade. Respire's goal was to be the first company to solve this problem by developing an inhaled formulation and a device to deliver Strocal through the lungs in a safe, effective, and reproducible manner. Enough information is provided within the case to enable students to negotiate terms for royalties, milestones, exclusivity provisions, and an equity investment. At the end of OIT-81A, information known to Pharmac (but not to Respire) is provided. In OIT-81B, information known to Respire (but not to Pharmac) is given.

This case has been developed to facilitate a negotiation exercise related to the formation of partnership deals in the healthcare industry. It is based on actual information, but reflects a hypothetical situation involving two companies and a product that have all been disguised. The scenario described within the case involves Pharmac, a large pharmaceutical company, and Respire, a small medical start-up. Pharmac and Respire began negotiating a partnership to develop and eventually market an inhaled form of parathyroid hormone (PTH) to treat osteoporosis. If successful, this product would improve the available options for the treatment of osteoporosis. It was also expected to produce "blockbuster" sales since it would make PTH, an already extremely effective treatment option, more convenient and appealing to a large segment of untreated patients who were injection-averse (injection was the standard delivery mechanism for this drug). Development of the product was highly speculative and was expected to take six to seven years due to early stage development of the inhalable delivery system and the multi-year Phase III fracture trials required for approval. Pharmac had released the first man-made, injectable form of parathyroid hormone, called Strocal, in 2002. However, no one had yet developed a non-injectable version of PTH, despite efforts by Pharmac and other companies that spanned more than a decade. Respire's goal was to be the first company to solve this problem by developing an inhaled formulation and a device to deliver Strocal through the lungs in a safe, effective, and reproducible manner. Enough information is provided within the case to enable students to negotiate terms for royalties, milestones, exclusivity provisions, and an equity investment. At the end of OIT-81A, information known to Pharmac (but not to Respire) is provided. In OIT-81B, information known to Respire (but not to Pharmac) is given.

iBasis examines the development of a long-term relationship between equipment manufacturer Cisco and start-up iBasis, a voice-over-internet wholesaler. Questions arise for iBasis founders as to how best to build a beneficial relationship with the much larger partner. How aggressive should they be in their pursuit of specialized equipment designs from Cisco? How should they protect their own intellectual property? After several years of market success, and several relationship defining mechanisms (from informal to a memorandum of understanding to specific equipment contracts), the partnership is tested with the dot-com bubble bursting. Not only is the relationship at risk, but iBasis' very survival is in question.

Pay Zone Consulting is a small, highly-specialized, global consulting group providing information management solutions for the exploration and production sector of the oil and gas industry. The company operates entirely virtually with consultants and software developers in different parts of the world. The principals are considering growth options but are intent on preserving the quality of life benefits provided by their virtual business model. The case examines the communication technologies employed by the principals in support of their virtual teamwork and describes the administrative information technology (IT) infrastructure that enables the firm to operate with no administrative staff or office. The case also discusses the organizational and personal factors underlying the company's ability to operate successfully virtually.

Club Atletico Boca Juniors is the most popular soccer club in Argentina and one of the most decorated clubs in the world. Throughout its storied history, the club has recruited and developed dozens of star players. In his eleven years at Boca Juniors, president Mauricio Macri has significantly increased the club's net worth and annual revenues. However, he faces a constant challenge to remain competitive on and off the field. In November 2006, Macri is approached by Spanish and Italian soccer powerhouses, seeking to purchase the players Fernando Gago and Rodrigo Palacio. Should Macri enter negotiations with the clubs interested in buying the star players? If so, how should they approach the talks? Allows for an in-depth examination of Boca Junior's business model, and how it differs from that of the richer soccer clubs in Western Europe. Also enables an assessment of successful talent and brand management strategies in the context of a sports franchise with a worldwide reach.

Pay Zone Consulting is a small, highly specialized global consulting group providing information management solutions for the exploration and production sector of the oil and gas industry. The company operates entirely virtually with consultants and software developers in different parts of the world. The principals are considering growth options but are intent on preserving the quality of life provided by their virtual business model. The case examines the communication technologies employed by the principals in support of their virtual teamwork and describes the administrative information technology infrastructure that enables the firm to operate with no administrative staff or office. The case also discusses the organizational and personal factors underlying the company’s ability to operate successfully virtually.

On many levels and from serval perspectives, an entrepreneur's challenges are different. One of the most acute challenges may be managing in a credt cruch, specifically, finding cash when traditional sources of funding have all but stopped extending credit. This author, who has worked with many highly visible and successful entrepreneurs, offers helpful suggestions.

This case explores events surrounding the development of the Sydney Cross City Tunnel, an innovative infrastructure project developed by the New South Wales government in Australia in conjunction with Cheung Kong Infrastructure, Cheung Kong's Hong Kong infrastructure investment arm. The tunnel opened for traffic in 2005. This case analyzes three matters: the political and institutional background that led to the decision to develop the Cross City Tunnel; the general economic assumptions upon which the venture had been based; and the build-operate-transfer project finance arrangements put into place to develop and finance the tunnel venture. The case explains the project finance arrangements surrounding a typical road transport infrastructure which seems to have failed, and raises questions about estimates of demand for the tunnel and traffic management arrangements surrounding access to the tunnel.

In 2006, SK-II, a skin care brand, was close to becoming a billion-dollar brand for Procter and Gamble ("P&G') and China was seen as a key source of future growth and is soon to be the largest market in the world. On 14 September 2006, Chinese authorities banned the sale of some of P&G's skin care products in the SK-II line. P&G feared that public protests against these products could spread and infect the brand equity of its other products in the country. Everything that P&G tried to resolve the scandal failed, leaving the media, consumers and government feeling enraged. P&G pronounced confidence in its SK-II products in China, saying it would work with government agencies to resolve the problems, but repeatedly botched public relations and was accused of "arrogance" toward consumers. Although P&G had experience in defending its SK-II products in court due to a lawsuit the previous year, the company seemed to have learned nothing about preparing for a future crisis. P&G, one of the most trusted corporate brands in the world, was close to losing Chinese consumers' faith in SK-II and perhaps in P&G as well just by the poor way it handled the crisis. Many analysts claim that doing business in China is significantly different from doing business in developed markets. When it comes to public relations, how can the rules be so different that even experienced country managers repeatedly get it wrong? The case allows for discussion on how to respond to a public relations crisis, salvage brand equity after a disastrous incident, react to a situation and pre-empt damaging information in the media.