This note provides a summary of the primary fiscal and monetary policies. It also provides a matrix of the expected effects on GDP and interest rates when these policies are enacted simultaneously.The matrix reflects the interactions of the policy mix when both policies are expansionary and contractionary, and when one is expansionary and one is contractionary.
The objective of this note is to provide an overview of monetary policy tools and the primary policy objectives. The mechanics behind the money multiplier are explained, and an algebraic derivation is provided. The note also provides examples of how parameters associated with the money multiplier influence its magnitude, including the propensity of the public to hold currency relative to demand deposits and the propensity of banks to hold reserves relative to demand deposits. The companion exercise allows students to walk through the mechanics of expansionary monetary policy.
This note describes different exchange rate regimes that are currently used in the world economy. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of fixed versus floating exchange rate regimes.
This note defines exchange rates and explains changes in exchange rates (appreciations and depreciations). The note also introduces the concept of the real exchange rate as an inflation adjusted measure of the purchasing power of a country's currency and as a measure of the competitiveness of a country's products. The note discusses factors that influence the real exchange rate. The note contains assignment questions.
After years of strong performance with market-dominating brands, Gillette's performance slips and a new CEO is selected from outside the company to lead a turnaround. This case describes the business and financial situation he inherited and asks what he should do during his first day and week on the job.
Describes the actions and behavior of a new CEO in his first days and weeks as he sets expectations for his top management team and introduces processes and disciplines to begin the turnaround of a global consumer products company.
How a strategic change agenda is implemented depends on leaders below the top in every function and geographic region translating the agenda into actions. But those actions do not always unfold as planned. This case examines the first 16 months of a turnaround from the perspective of implementers in the field. It describes business issues, organizational design dilemmas, and the cultural and behavioral challenges of implementing change in a global company.
In early 2001, Trilogy Software faced a slowdown in its business, a large number of unsuccessful customer deployments, and an overall weakening in the enterprise software market. In response, the company revamped its business model and restructured the organization. Joe Liemandt, chairman and CEO of Trilogy, along with members of the company's senior management team must decide whether Trilogy University, the company's internal training program for new college recruits and other recently hired employees, supported or detracted from the company's new objectives. Specifically, they must decide whether and, if so, how Trilogy University, the traditional source of new ideas, new products, and new approaches at Trilogy, should be adapted to reflect the strategic changes that were taking place throughout the organization.
An exercise in case format that demonstrates how to compute the cost of equity for an investment project in an emerging market using both the Lessard and the Godrey and Espinosa methods.
Describes the decision-making process employed by President George W. Bush's War Cabinet in the days following the September 11th terrorist attacks. Examines how the president and his advisers framed the problem, exchanged ideas, generated alternatives, and developed a plan of action.
On August 3, 2001, after a hotly contested proxy fight, Wachovia Corp.'s shareholders voted to merge with First Union Corp. The managers of the two banks then turned to face the challenges of integrating the two organizations. Their task was to implement a "merger of equals" that would preserve the best parts of the two former companies while realizing the potential cost savings, operational efficiencies, and revenue gains that justified the combination in the eyes of the shareholders.
One of the most frustrating parts of trading bonds in Asia today is that prior to placing a trade, buyers and sellers must spend hours phoning dealers to get quotes and aggregating market research. In July 2000, HSBC, Deustche Bank, and Citigroup joined forces with Bridge e-Markets to form BondsinAsia (BIA), which aimed at facilitating the trading of Asian fixed-income securities. Officially launched in January 2002, BIA rolled out an electronic trading system in Hong Kong and Singapore. The system replaced paper and telephone information gathering by giving access to online price and research information to market participants on an instantaneous, 24/7 basis. As BIA was preparing to expand its portal to other markets, a number of questions remained on many industry players' minds. How would the legal, regulatory, and technical issues affect BIA's cross-market franchise model?
In December 2000, the government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) launched the Electronic Service Delivery (ESD) scheme, a flagship e-government project. The overall e-government strategy was to use a portal for the provision of electronic public services and commercial services, making the ESD portal (www.esd.gov.hk) a key element. The government contracted a single private operator to implement and provide ESD services for five years. The contract was awarded in November 1999 to ESD Services Ltd. (ESDSL). This case discusses how the HKSAR developed ESD's business model, which is a combination of government-to-citizen and business-to-citizen models, and how ESDSL is implementing it. Also focuses on the major challenges and issues that the private operator, ESDSL, faced in building, implementing, and managing an e-government project. ESD is in its second year of implementation and an immediate issue is the slow adoption of online transactions by the public, which is important in relation to the viability of the ESD's business model.
At the end of 2001, Cathay Pacific's CXeBuy electronic procurement system was fully operational for its headquarters in Hong Kong. The 14-month implementation project aimed at applying Internet-based technology to build the most efficient purchasing process and capability in the industry. Although the project was far from complete, a member of the Project Steering Committee (PSC) queried the actual benefits realized so far as a result of e-procurement implementation. Robert Lamoureux, manager in charge of the e-procurement initiative, proposed to the PSC to formulate a methodology that user departments could apply at will to assess the impact of CXeBuy on their operations. However, some members of the committee raised concerns that such a voluntary approach would serve only a limited purpose and would fall short of providing department heads with an overview of the impact of CXeBuy on the overall corporate mission. Other PSC members were unsure of the need for such a valuation exercise at this early stage. Something had to be done to reinstate the need for accountability and support the premise that any Cathay Pacific e-business initiative had to prove its value.
Jay Entrepreneur had to decide whether it was worth his time to plow through a 12-page term sheet for a Series A round of preferred stock prepared by HBS Investors, a well-established venture capital firm that did seed, early-round, and mezzanine financings. He could also send the sheet over to the solo practitioner he'd hired to incorporate the company he'd formed with his partner, Dr. Mark I. Tech, inventor of a revolutionary new drug-delivery device. Family and friends had already provided $10,000 for lab space and equipment, and Jay and Mark had maxxed out their credit cards to pay the $7,500 retainer patent counsel required. Time was short, however, because Jay had promised to get back to HBS Investors later that week with any comments or concerns. He also had to decide (with or without the advice of counsel) whether to accept the proposal terms.
AOL Europe must decide how to respond to Freeserve, a free Internet Service Provider (ISP) that has signed up 1.6 million British customers in its first six months. After becoming the leading ISP in the United States, AOL has formed a joint venture with Bertelsmann to expand into Europe. By early 1999, the new company, AOL Europe, has 2.6 million subscribers, but it has fallen behind the market leaders in Germany, France, and now, the United Kingdom. This case asks how AOL Europe should respond to the Freeserve challenge and provides information on the economics of ISPs, AOL, Europe's history and growth, and the U.K. regulatory environment to help students frame their responses. A rewritten version of an earlier case.