Does the Braun plaque removal (electronic toothbrush) product under development have a chance against the dominant American player, Interplak? Under an innovative female project manager, the Braun team has come to a decision point that is made urgent by the recent purchase of Interplak by Bausch & Lomb, a major company with a threatening presence in Europe. Looking at the product development process, the "product semantics" of the current design (does it communicate superior value to the consumer?), the technical problems yet to be solved, and the pressure to follow the Interplak lead, students have to develop a product strategy that fits the competitive situation and the competency and character of the company.

How does one determine the size of a "window of opportunity?" How does one determine what kind of risk is appropriate? Braun's new plaque remover is almost ready to be approved for manufacture and scheduled for launch, but toothpaste is still eating away at the tiny gears in the toothbrush head. Given the imminent launch of its formidable competitor into Europe, Braun wants to enter the market as soon as possible with what it believes is otherwise a superior product. Should Braun launch as planned, knowing that it will correct the gear problem shortly, or should Braun delay the launch until the problem is 100% solved? Some members of management, trusting Braun's engineers, tend toward the former, given the apparently small window of opportunity, whereas Ms. Valiaho, project manager, favors the latter. At this intersection of technology, design, and marketing, students are challenged to struggle with how to make such a decision. They are also encouraged to think about how product strategies, implicit or explicit, influence management decisions.

Group Retirement Services (GRS) is a division of London Life Insurance Co. of London, Ontario. The vice president of GRS implemented the balanced scorecard in his division in 1994. Since that time, the industry and London Life have experienced significant change. Although the scorecard was not yet complete (after three years), the real issues here are whether the scorecard has been useful to GRS and whether the scorecard could be improved to assist the department in the future.

LG Group Chairman Bon Moo Koo has announced a corporate goal of increasing revenues from $38 billion to $380 billion between 1995 and 2005. Most of this increase is expected to come from new international sales. As a consequence, LG must add an estimated 1,400 new global leaders to its management ranks. Mr. Y.K. Kim and his team must determine what these new global leaders should look like and how to develop them.

Thousands of companies every year acquire other companies, or are acquired themselves. This event is usually painful and messy--and statistics show, it is frequently unsuccessful as well. Nearly half of all mergers fail. One company that has made a fine art of the acquisition integration process, however, is GE Capital, which has integrated hundreds of companies in the past decade. Consultants Ron Ashkenas and Suzanne Francis, and Lawrence DeMonaco of GE Capital, offer four lessons from the company's successful run.

Rare is the company that does not periodically review the performance of its staff, business units, and suppliers. But rare, as well, is the company that does such a review of one of its most important contributors--its board of directors. Done properly, appraisals can help boards become more effective by clarifying individual and collective responsibilities. They can help improve the working relationship between a company's board and its senior management. They can help ensure a healthy balance of power between the board and the CEO. And, once in place, an appraisal process is difficult to dismantle, making it harder for a new CEO to dominate a board or avoid being held accountable for poor performance. The authors, Jay Conger, David Finegold, and Edward E. Lawler, III, all of the Leadership Institute at the University of Southern California's School of Business Administration in Los Angeles, have drawn on the strengths of several different approaches to synthesize a best-practice process that is both rigorous and comprehensive.

Kevin Coyne and Renee Dye, consultants at McKinsey, show how customers use networks in different ways and explain how companies can adjust their strategies according to the usage patterns in their networks. Managers of network-based businesses--defined here as those that move people, goods, or information from many points to many others--need to know the underlying economic framework of their network, because this can differ substantially from what works for traditional, stand-alone businesses. Managers have long assumed that customers valued all links in these networks equally. Intuitively, managers thought that many of their customers' needs were, in reality, narrower, but they had no way of knowing which links were most important. New computing power and robust mapping software now make it possible to understand network customers better. In applying this technology, the authors have uncovered three distinct usage patterns: one in which all links are, indeed, valued equally; another in which customers concentrate their use in particular zones; and a third in which customers value only individual links. Those managers who don't spot the patterns or understand their strategic implications will find themselves on the losing end of the network battle.

What ever happened to Japan? In the early 1990s, it lost its status as an economic juggernaut and found itself a beleaguered nation in its worst recession since World War II. Two new books help explain why the country has been struggling: Japan: A Reinterpretation, by Patrick Smith, and Inside the Kaisha: Demystifying Japanese Business Behavior, by Noboru Yoshimura and Philip Anderson. The books demonstrate that Japan achieved its prominence by playing follow the leader. In other words, Japanese companies, or kaisha, copied the West's high-growth industries and caught up with the United States more through competitiveness and efficiency than through innovation. How can Japan rebound? It may be that effective change can be led only by Japan's younger generation. Japanese students are likely to demand a higher standard of living than their parents had. The growth of a consumer culture, Crawford says, could encourage individuals to develop a healthier sense of self--which, in turn, could help the country spawn the innovative culture needed to succeed in a fast changing global economy.

Because they face rising costs, more competition for fewer donations and grants, and increased rivalry from for-profit companies entering the social sector, many nonprofit organizations are looking for commercial ways to raise more funds. For example, San Francisco's Delaney Street program for addicts has opened a restaurant staffed by clients, which helps pay the bills while providing on-the-job training. There are many such opportunities but also many pitfalls in this approach. Professor J. Gregory Dees of the Harvard Business School offers a framework to help nonprofit leaders figure out when commercial activities will or will not work.

As companies develop more and better ways to understand and respond to their customers' needs, relationship marketing has become the talk of the marketing community. Executives, academics, and consultants alike have the same goal in mind--creating meaningful relationships with consumers that will yield both the cost-saving benefits of customer retention economics and the revenue-generating rewards of customer loyalty. Unfortunately, a close look at consumers suggests that these relationships are troubled ones at best. The things that marketers are doing to build relationships with customers, are, in fact, subverting them. Relationship marketing--what is supposed to be the acme of customer orientation--is falling far short of its mark. Susan Fournier, assistant professor at the Harvard Business School, Susan Dobscha of Bentley College in Waltham, MA, and David Glen Mick, a professor at the University of Wisconsin offer a way to get this concept back on track.

The CEO of one of Europe's pre-eminent family-owned companies discusses how he lead the Ahlstrom Corp. as well as his own family through a major transformation. In order to reposition the company for global competition, Krister Ahlstrom discovered that he had to lead the owning family (of 200 people) to a new understanding of its relationship to the company. In this interview with HBR editor-at-large Joan Magretta, Krister Ahlstrom describes the changes that now allow the family to interact effectively with the company as enlightened--not passive--owners. And the family developed several governance and communication mechanisms to support that role: a Family Council, a Family Assembly, formal training for the family's next generation, and a written document of values and policies that functions like a constitution.

How do family businesses handle succession? What happens when siblings compete for the position of CEO? Can nonfamily board members navigate successfully through conflicts among family members? Should they even try? This fictitious case study examines a host of issues with which family businesses regularly grapple. It describes the situation that faces the board of directors of Benson Electric, a rapidly growing family enterprise, upon the unexpected death of CEO and patriarch Buck Benson. Benson, the son of the company's founder, left no succession plan. Caught in the middle of an emotionally torn and feuding family, the directors must determine how to proceed. How can they manage the succession process without alienating family members and worrying employees and customers? In 98108 and 98108Z, four commentators--Joseph A. Wolking, Kent Noble, Kelin Gersick, and Victor Ney--advise the directors on their best course of action.

How do family businesses handle succession? What happens when siblings compete for the position of CEO? Can nonfamily board members navigate successfully through conflicts among family members? Should they even try? This fictitious case study examines a host of issues with which family businesses regularly grapple. It describes the situation that faces the board of directors of Benson Electric, a rapidly growing family enterprise, upon the unexpected death of CEO and patriarch Buck Benson. Benson, the son of the company's founder, left no succession plan. Caught in the middle of an emotionally torn and feuding family, the directors must determine how to proceed. How can they manage the succession process without alienating family members and worrying employees and customers? In 98108 and 98108Z, four commentators--Joseph A. Wolking, Kent Noble, Kelin Gersick, and Victor Ney--advise the directors on their best course of action.

How do family businesses handle succession? What happens when siblings compete for the position of CEO? Can nonfamily board members navigate successfully through conflicts among family members? Should they even try? This fictitious case study examines a host of issues with which family businesses regularly grapple. It describes the situation that faces the board of directors of Benson Electric, a rapidly growing family enterprise, upon the unexpected death of CEO and patriarch Buck Benson. Benson, the son of the company's founder, left no succession plan. Caught in the middle of an emotionally torn and feuding family, the directors must determine how to proceed. How can they manage the succession process without alienating family members and worrying employees and customers? In 98108 and 98108Z, four commentators--Joseph A. Wolking, Kent Noble, Kelin Gersick, and Victor Ney--advise the directors on their best course of action.

It is no longer news that over the past five years, Sears, Roebuck and Co. has radically changed the way it does business and dramatically improved its financial results. But the now-famous Sears turnaround was more than a strategic and financial break with the past. It was a radical change in the logic and culture of the company, based on a new business model--not so much "the softer side of Sears" as the softer side of measurement. Led by CEO Arthur Martinez, a group of more than 100 top-level Sears executives spent three years rebuilding the company around its customers. In rethinking what Sears was and what it wanted to become, these managers developed a business model of the company--the employee-customer-profit model--and an accompanying measurement system that tracks success from management behavior through employee attitudes to customer satisfaction and financial performance.

The classic business ratios for measuring performance--return on equity, return on assets, and return on sales, to name a few--may be useful. But none is designed specifically to reflect how well a company implements its strategy. Enter return on management (ROM), a new ratio that gauges the payback from a company's scarcest resource: managers' time and energy. Unlike other business ratios, ROM is a rough estimate, not an exact percentage. Still, it is expressed like other business ratios by an equation in which the output is maximized by a high numerator and a low denominator: Knowing which organizational factors conspire against or work to maximize an organization's productive energy will help managers calculate a rough measure for this equation. Harvard Business School Professor Robert Simons and HBS doctoral student Antonio Davila offer five "acid tests" to help managers measure their company's ROM.

Mention "human resources" and most line and operating managers groan. Simply put, HR has a reputation for inefficiency and incompetence. But a new and transforming era for HR has arrived, asserts Dave Ulrich, a professor at University of Michigan's school of business. The challenges of today's competitive environment mean that HR must refocus its work away from activities that sap value from the organization and instead focus its efforts on achieving outcomes that improve company performance. Ulrich says HR's radical reinvention must be led by senior managers.

The vice president and general manager of Mitel's semiconductor division is faced with a rapidly growing market for the company's business communication chips, but has limited capacity at the semiconductor plant. There is little industry capacity to outsource production. He must determine how to pursue the growing market and how to secure additional capacity. Options include modifications to the current facility, construction of a new facility, or the acquisition of a plant from another company.

In this case, the president of Bolivia and a team of officials grapple with questions of how to set up a model for privatizing a number of state-owned enterprises. In the 1980s, Bolivia, like most other Latin American countries, embraced a more market-oriented development strategy that required the state to intervene less in the economy and to focus more on the essential tasks of government. In the case, privatization is high on the leadership's policy agenda in large part because it is the "unfinished business" of the neo-liberal economic reform program that was first adopted in 1985. In addition, the president has a number of specific goals he wishes to achieve through the process of privatization, such as eliminating a large source of public sector corruption and responding to problems of poverty and inequity in the country. HKS Case Number 1447.0

When the administration of Peru president Alberto Fujimori embarks on an ambitious privatization program, it turns inevitably to the nation's creaking telephone system. With but 2.5 phone lines per 100 persons, Peru, in the mid-1990s, had the lowest phone "density" in Latin America; installation of a new line took years, except via a thriving black market in existing lines. But the privatization committee which begins to plot the role of both the existing local and long distance phone monopolies, knows that it faces formidable obstacles to change: a suspicious and powerful military which nationalized the phone system in the 1970s; an influential cellular phone operator with his own agenda; existing unions, doubtful legislators who must approve a constitutional amendment to allow privatization to go forward. This case is about the political management of privatization. It describes the "interest group map" developed by the privatization committee and poses the question of what tactical approach should be taken with each. Case users must envision the potential conflicts, the objective desired, and the most useful tactics. The sequel describes the early success of the privatization process, after the phone system's sale to the Spanish phone giant, Telefonica. HKS Case Number 1404.0