The US used to dominate the global rare earths industry, but over the years lost its edge to China. It now wants to reduce its dependence on China for rare earths-the question is, how?

Broadband-X, is a small-sized electronic contract manufacturing company. The company had been using QuickBooks accounting package and Excel sheets to manage its processes. As the company grew, Brian, the owner, noticed that the current model was not capable of efficiently managing the production processes and decided to acquire an enterprise resource planning (ERP) package. Brian tried to implement the system employing its current human resources. However, he realized that ERP implementation required a company-wide change management effort. Brian hired Zayan Preet to champion the ERP implementation project. Preet analyzed the system, conducted interviews to figure out the issues and the priorities, and began working on an implementation strategy and a project plan.

This tech note is designed to introduce general management students to the body of work associated with agile and its current state of practice. While anchored in a simple 68-word manifesto, agile now offers guidance on applied practice across ideation, design, development, and deployment of working products. This note describes how teams use agile to focus their work and apply current practice across disciplines like design thinking, Lean Startup, and DevOps.

Broadband-X, is a small-sized electronic contract manufacturing company. The company had been using QuickBooks accounting package and Excel sheets to manage its processes. As the company grew, Brian, the owner, noticed that the current model was not capable of efficiently managing the production processes and decided to acquire an enterprise resource planning (ERP) package. Brian tried to implement the system employing its current human resources. However, he realized that ERP implementation required a company-wide change management effort. Brian hired Zayan Preet to champion the ERP implementation project. Preet analyzed the system, conducted interviews to figure out the issues and the priorities, and began working on an implementation strategy and a project plan.

In September 2017, Uber Technologies Inc. hired a new chief executive officer with instructions to prepare the company for an initial public offering and repair its internal culture and reputation. By the end of 2019, however, the company's past wrongdoings were continuing to haunt the organization. The new leader had to deal with ongoing legal issues related to driver classification and a new ruling in the US state of California that would require drivers to be paid minimum wage and receive sick days and health benefits. The company also faced accusations by a former manager who claimed that employees had engaged in questionable tactics to steal trade secrets. The public learned that the company had paid US$100,000 to hackers to conceal a November 2016 data breach, which exposed the personal information of 57 million riders and drivers. In July 2019, Uber Technologies Inc. came under investigation by the US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission over accusations of gender discrimination. Later that year, its license to operate in London, UK was revoked. Almost 18 months into the new leader's tenure, the path to repairing the company's character reputation and struggling market value was still not clear.

This case examines Delta Air Lines' response as demand for its services plummeted in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, with a focus on the company's funding needs and capital structure. Following a series of initial actions, the company's cash "burn" had reduced from $100 million per day at the start of the pandemic to approximately $27 million per day by the summer of 2020; in addition, Delta had amassed significant liquidity and amended its financial covenants. However, the company's shares were trading at roughly half their pre-crisis levels, rating agencies had downgraded Delta's credit rating to "junk" status, and a second wave of coronavirus infections was underway in the United States. Now, management would have to determine if Delta was sufficiently well-positioned to survive and eventually compete in the post-COVID recovery ... or if they needed to take further action to prepare for a prolonged crisis. How should the company manage its capital structure in the face of such industry uncertainty? What actions should be pursued to mitigate the financial and operational risks? Should the company raise additional funding, and if so, of what kind and from whom? How should various stakeholders' concerns be prioritized and reconciled, ranging from shareholders to employees to government?

Captain Michael Davidson of the container ship SS El Faro was determined to make his planned shipping trip on time-but a hurricane was approaching his intended path. To succeed, Davidson and his fellow officers must plot a course to avoid the storm in the face of conflicting weather reports from multiple sources and differing opinions among the officers on what to do. Over the 36-hour voyage, tensions rise as the ships gets closer and closer to the storm. Compounding the challenge, the El Faro was an old ship about to be scrapped. Its owner, TOTE Marine, was in the process of selecting officers to crew its new ships. Davidson and some of his officers were worried that they would soon lose their jobs.

In September 2017, Uber Technologies Inc. hired a new chief executive officer with instructions to prepare the company for an initial public offering and repair its internal culture and reputation. By the end of 2019, however, the company’s past wrongdoings were continuing to haunt the organization. The new leader had to deal with ongoing legal issues related to driver classification and a new ruling in the US state of California that would require drivers to be paid minimum wage and receive sick days and health benefits. The company also faced accusations by a former manager who claimed that employees had engaged in questionable tactics to steal trade secrets. The public learned that the company had paid US$100,000 to hackers to conceal a November 2016 data breach, which exposed the personal information of 57 million riders and drivers. In July 2019, Uber Technologies Inc. came under investigation by the US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission over accusations of gender discrimination. Later that year, its licence to operate in London, UK was revoked. Almost 18 months into the new leader’s tenure, the path to repairing the company’s character reputation and struggling market value was still not clear.

In 2010, multibillionaire George Soros offered to donate $100 million to Human Rights Watch (HRW) - this would be both the largest donation ever received by HRW and the largest ever made by Soros. Soros, a long-time supporter of the organization, had set several stringent conditions to the offer extended via his Open Society Foundations. HRW had to commit to (1) increasing its international presence, (2) increasing the proportion of donations coming from outside the U.S. to fifty percent of total contributions within five years, (3) diversifying the geographic origin of board members, and (4) raising additional funds to match Soros's donation. While Part A of the case focuses on the original offer, Part B is set in 2020 and summarizes what happened at HRW after it accepted the donation.

In 2010, multibillionaire George Soros offered to donate $100 million to Human Rights Watch (HRW) - this would be both the largest donation ever received by HRW and the largest ever made by Soros. Soros, a long-time supporter of the organization, had set several stringent conditions to the offer extended via his Open Society Foundations. HRW had to commit to (1) increasing its international presence, (2) increasing the proportion of donations coming from outside the U.S. to fifty percent of total contributions within five years, (3) diversifying the geographic origin of board members, and (4) raising additional funds to match Soros's donation. While Part A of the case focuses on the original offer, Part B is set in 2020 and summarizes what happened at HRW after it accepted the donation.

Tim Hortons built a successful business in Canada by creating a vertically integrated company working with small-scale franchisees and incorporating its "Canadian identity" in its marketing strategy. The company's internationalization efforts were much less fruitful, however, with 80% of outlets located in Canada, and just 18% in the United States. In 2014, 3G Capital - a Brazilian-American private-equity firm - acquired Tim Hortons with plans to speed up the company's internationalization process. The new owner's attempts to implement cost-cutting measures were quickly met with strong resistance from both franchisees and Canadian consumers and, in 2019, it faced two major challenges: at home, it had to restore the confidence of franchisees and consumers and, abroad, it faced stiff competition from chains that enjoyed a significant head start in new international markets. On top of everything else, it appeared that Tim Hortons's business model might not lend itself to internationalization.

Dick's Sporting Goods was one of the top five retailers of a range of firearms in the US. Over the last several years and specifically following the Parkland shooting of 2018, Ed Stack, the CEO and chairman, had wrestled with the question of their role as a leading firearms retailer and the inconsistent patchwork of laws, oftentimes right after a tragic shooting.

Dick's Sporting Goods were one of the top five retailers of a range of firearms in the US. Over the last several years and specifically following the Parkland shooting of 2018, Ed Stack the CEO and chairman, had wrestled with the question of their role as a leading firearms retailer and the inconsistent patchwork of laws, often times right after a tragic shooting.

This note gives managers a concrete perspective on what 'a strategy' really is, what makes a decision 'strategic,' and what 'strategic thinking' means. It also gives them practical frameworks to assess whether some set of decisions is really a strategy and how to assess a strategy's effectiveness. It finally also gives managers a starting point for developing strategy in the form of the '4+3 Elements.' The note builds on the theory of 'strategy as core guidance.' (This is an in-depth rewrite of "Strategy and Strategic Decisions" HBS 712-500.)

The founder and chief executive officer of impak Finance Inc. had grown his financial technology start-up, based in Montreal, Canada, into a company with two main business lines: an extensive and comprehensive assessment and rating agency that used advanced social impact measurement and scoring software, and an online marketplace platform that used the cryptocurrency impak Coin and connected like-minded consumers, investors, and businesses to support socially sustainable and responsible firms aligned on their economic and financial principles. In case A, after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020, the founder wondered which strategic direction he should take to ensure the long-term sustainability of impak Finance Inc.—invest heavily in developing the rating agency or grow the impak marketplace?

In case B, in late summer 2020, the founder has decided to prioritize the company's rating agency, advocating for robust and standardized impact assessments for all firms. He felt confident about his company's new strategic direction and focus during the pandemic. But how could he ensure impak Finance Inc. grew toward its mission and attained financial sustainability?

In July 2020, Hindustan Unilever Limited, the Indian subsidiary of global fast-moving consumer goods company Unilever plc, renamed its Fair & Lovely skin-lightening cream in response to criticism that the product’s positioning and advertising reinforced a pre-existing bias toward fair skin in India. India's market for skin-lightening creams, the largest in the world, was valued at US$450 million–US$535 million, and Fair & Lovely was the market leader with a 70 per cent share. However, the company had been criticized for its positioning and advertising of Fair & Lovely, which many saw as reinforcing a pre-existing bias for fair skin in India. Did the company make the right strategic move by renaming the popular brand? Or should the company have instead followed the path of some competitors and withdrawn the brand from the market? What else could the company do to support the brand?

The notion that innovation is tied to creative destruction is embedded in the psyche of innovators and entrepreneurs, which is why individuals and companies instinctively focus on disruption in pursuit of innovation and growth. But is disruption the only way to innovate and create new markets? And is it the best way? This case explores the other side of market-creating innovation, what Chan Kim and Renée Mauborgne call "nondisruptive creation". It happens when you innovate and create new markets where there once wasn't anything, so there's no displacement. Emerging from online gaming, esports is a new sporting experience where spectators watch professional athletes compete playing video games. Since esports is an entirely new industry, it does not disrupt an existing market. The case illustrates the evolution of esports from a game for individual players to a spectator sport, creating an entirely new market space where both incumbents and new entrants find new business opportunities, as well as the social and economic impact of nondisruptive creation by examining the externalities of esports on various industries and communities.

In early April 2019, the executive team of San Jose-based Zoom Video Communications gathered in the company conference room to strategize about their messaging for a planned IPO, an event that only a few years earlier would have seemed improbable to many. Indeed, when Zoom founder and CEO Eric Yuan had first sought venture capital funding to start his company back in 2011, he was turned down countless times. "A new video conferencing entrant at this stage?" wrote Patrick Eggen, of Counterpart Ventures, describing the general response. "No commercial data points, massively saturated market, limited funding to enter the SME space (ughh) and founder with no CEO experience. Red flags galore." But Yuan was absolutely convinced that the world did, in fact, need a new video conferencing solution-one that would not merely suffice, but far surpass the "terrible" existing options and make its users downright happy. So he ignored the naysayers and refused to give up-and the rest is history. This case details the story of Zoom Video Communications from its earliest origins as an idea that came to Yuan while he was a student riding a train in China to its IPO in 2019. It includes interviews with key Zoom executives, including Eric Yuan. A forthcoming B case will continue the story.

In July 2020, Hindustan Unilever Limited, the Indian subsidiary of global fast-moving consumer goods company Unilever plc, renamed its Fair & Lovely skin-lightening cream in response to criticism that the product's positioning and advertising reinforced a pre-existing bias toward fair skin in India. India's market for skin-lightening creams, the largest in the world, was valued at US$450 million-US$535 million, and Fair & Lovely was the market leader with a 70 per cent share. However, the company had been criticized for its positioning and advertising of Fair & Lovely, which many saw as reinforcing a pre-existing bias for fair skin in India. Did the company make the right strategic move by renaming the popular brand? Or should the company have instead followed the path of some competitors and withdrawn the brand from the market? What else could the company do to support the brand?