Supplement to case KS1180. In the summer of 2014, Alta Bicycle Share, Inc had just won its second contract to operate the Hubway bike sharing system in the cities of Boston, Brookline, Cambridge and Somerville in Eastern Massachusetts. Emily Stapleton, Hubway's General Manager, was engaged in conversations with project managers from each of the four client municipalities about when and where to expand the system. Expansion was on the agenda because Hubway was widely perceived as a success. Nevertheless the system was facing a number of operating challenges, the most important of which was its effort to ensure that bicycles and empty docks were available when and where needed. Case number 2066.1

After a successful career as a superintendent of some of the nation's largest urban school districts, Carol Johnson elected to complete a Fellowship at Harvard's Advanced Leadership Initiative (2014). There, she hoped to gain perspective and knowledge surrounding how new superintendents of urban school districts could be better trained and supported in this challenging and dynamic role. Following her ALI Fellowship, Johnson created the Leadership for America's Urban Schools (LAUS), a proposed program that would provide mentorship, training, and networking for new urban school leaders.

In 2015, Edip Ilkbahar, HBC's founder and CEO, was looking over the plans for a new branch in Cyprus. Since the inception of the company by the Alarko Group of companies in 1994, Ilkbahar's company had enjoyed high occupancy, high guest satisfaction, and high return-visitor rates, not to mention increasing profits from HBC's single location in Fethiye, Turkey. Although branching out had been on the agenda for a couple of years, Ilkbahar was feeling the pressure to recreate HBC's culture in a new location to live up to and even surpass its established success. In parallel, Ilkbahar also needed to make sure that employee motivation at HBC's original Fethiye location did not drop and the employees continued to deliver wholehearted service to live up to HBC's reputation. 2015 certainly looked like it would be a tough year. How could Ilkbahar both try to extend HBC's special formula for success to Cyprus while maintaining high motivation at the Fethiye installation? The case describes the forces that shape the hotel industry's structure, raising the issue of how HBC established itself a sustainable niche for competitive advantage. The case provides the context for the students to identify the design elements underlying HBC's success and helps them explore the link between guest satisfaction and employee training, empowerment, feedback culture, continuous product development as well as social media and marketing. The case challenges the students to ponder what it takes for a company to repeatedly increase customer satisfaction rates and profitability with the same product over the years.

Lenovo, China’s largest personal computer manufacturer, had just replaced its American chief executive officer (CEO), the third replacement since the company’s 2005 acquisition of IBM’s personal computer business. The leadership shakeup was seemingly caused by the worsening conditions in Lenovo’s key target market and the company’s subsequent disastrous financial loss, but, in reality, the reasons were more complicated. Lenovo was dealing with the most challenging internal issues that a globalizing Chinese company could experience: retaining international executives under severe distress, integrating two companies with distinct cultural roots, and dealing with changed power relations on the board, including the awkward relationship between a Chinese executive chairperson and a foreign CEO.

Bajaj Auto Limited (BAL), the world’s largest manufacturer of three-wheel vehicles, was about to launch India’s first quadricycle, built indigenously for applications that were uniquely useful for urban transportation in developing markets such as India. The four-wheel vehicle was being launched as a completely new category in the Indian market by BAL’s Commercial Vehicle division. The dilemma facing the BAL team was whether to brand the new product as an extension of the company’s three-wheel market leader or as an independent brand. Furthermore, what degree of endorsement would be required from the master brand, “Bajaj”? The potential success of this vehicle would have a profound effect on BAL’s ability to develop its brand image and carve out a leadership position in a new category of commercial vehicles in India.

In December 2015, Canadian Pacific Railroad (CPR) has just made its third bid to acquire Norfolk Southern Corporation (NSC), one of the largest railroads in the United States. Having rejected the prior offers, NSC's CEO James Squires and the NSC board must now value the current offer including the projected merger synergies as well as a recently-added contingent value right (CVR) designed to "sweeten" the offer, and decide how to respond.

Bajaj Auto Limited (BAL), the world's largest manufacturer of three-wheel vehicles, was about to launch India's first quadricycle, built indigenously for applications that were uniquely useful for urban transportation in developing markets such as India. The four-wheel vehicle was being launched as a completely new category in the Indian market by BAL's Commercial Vehicle division. The dilemma facing the BAL team was whether to brand the new product as an extension of the company's three-wheel market leader or as an independent brand. Furthermore, what degree of endorsement would be required from the master brand, "Bajaj"? The potential success of this vehicle would have a profound effect on BAL's ability to develop its brand image and carve out a leadership position in a new category of commercial vehicles in India.

Set in the financial services sector, Jim Flannigan, the recently named head of a European investment banking for a large national bank, struggles to let go of his previous expertise and allow one of several groups that reported to him to do their job without his direct input. While one of Flannigan's chief lieutenants is making a pitch to an important potential client, Flannigan's blood starts to boil as he believes the deal could be lost. The case goes through Flannigan's "take charge" approach to problems and follow-up. The material in this case works well for those who have used the John Wolford case (UVA-OB-0167) and want to focus more on the fit between skills and level in the organization, developing self and others, and becoming interdependent (as opposed to do it all oneself) than work-life issues (although the case could include that discussion as well).

This teaching note offers an approach to the evaluation of health care markets globally. The note prepares students with a set of questions about the organization of core elements of the health care system. The organization of these elements can vary across markets, and can vary in terms of the different roles of the public and private sector in financing and delivery of health care services. Overall, the framework provides an opportunity for a structured analysis of any market in health care, and provides students with a comprehensive approach to assessing the current health care market. Students can build from this framework with their own assessments of potential opportunities for business or policy innovation within the market.

In November 2005, World Peace Industrial Group was at an important milestone as it prepared to join two other major electronics components distributors to form the WPG Holdings and become a dominant player in its industry. As its chief executive officer prepared for the merger, it became apparent that the company’s financial position was threatened by inventory management and forecasting problems. Although sales and market share were increasing, profit margins were dropping as a result of increasing inventory costs. The chief executive officer asked the director of the Business Effective Promotion Group to resolve the worsening problem. How would the director identify the sources of weakness and recommend a plan of action as soon as possible?

Due to proposed long-term cuts in the United States Department of Defense (DOD) budget, the DOD prioritized improving efficiencies, reducing overhead, and eliminating redundancies within its many commands. Accordingly, the Commander of Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC), the support command responsible for equipping the Air Force to keep it ready for war, assembled a small team, led by AFMC's Vice Commander, Lieutenant General Janet Wolfenbarger, to examine their options. Her team proposed to reorganize the command to align with the Secretary of Defense's efficiency mandate. Even so, Wolfenbarger anticipated opposition to the plan since it called for the elimination of seven of twelve AFMC centers-a move that would require support from the AFMC leadership, the Air Force, the DOD and Congress. Wolfenbarger knew she would need to draw on her lifetime of military leadership experience to accomplish her mission of successfully reorganizing AFMC. This case illustrates how a leader's life experiences shape their values and principles and how those personal and professional values can influence a leadership and management challenge. The case is accompanied by a two-part video supplement featuring an in-depth interview with General Janet Wolfenbarger. Part 1 (9:35 min.) focuses on the values that shaped Gen. Wolfenbarger's career early on, culminating when she became the first woman to achieve the rank of four-star general in the U.S. Air Force. Part 2 (15:47 min.) includes six short segments where Gen. Wolfenbarger talks about the specific leadership and implementation strategies she used to bring about the reorganization of the Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC), and shares insights about challenges and lessons learned.

In May 2014, Julie Hallman was about to assume the presidency of the struggling non-profit arts organization, the Falaise Foundation, which offered a residence for small groups of artists and scholars from around the world to work on creative endeavours at its extensive property in the South of France. The foundation was suffering financially due to a combination of weak fundraising, high operating costs, an ineffective board of trustees, and a murky relationship between the founding family and the foundation. Complicating matters was Hallman's personal situation: she was the daughter of the foundation's founder, who had run the organization his own way for decades until health issues forced him to step down. As a documentary filmmaker with a degree in Fine Arts, Julie Hallman had no business background. She had to develop an understanding of the root causes of the foundation's problems and identify a set of strategies and actions to effect a successful turnaround.

Spring cleaning season 2015 was about to begin in a small community north of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and a prospective business owner was deciding whether to launch a new business. Totally Tidy by Tilly would provide cleaning services, professional organizing services, or both. Before moving forward, this new entrepreneur first needed to understand the environment for her new venture. Based on that understanding, she needed to decide what services to offer and at what prices, and how best to promote her new business. To determine financial feasibility, she projected the company's financial performance for the first three years of operations. Should the entrepreneur stay close to home, within her community, or would a viable and profitable business plan involve a larger area? Would the business provide a reasonable income, or would this significant change in her lifestyle only prevent her from enjoying the flexibility of being a stay-at-home parent?

To improve its profitability, NKT Photonics A/S (NKT), a small Danish company operating in the global photonics industry, was getting ready to undertake the commercialization process of its highly advanced optical fibre technology. NKT's chief executive officer (CEO) was considering two options for accomplishing this goal: (1) establishing strategic partnerships with system integrators in order to gain access to commercial customers, or (2) repositioning NKT as a system integrator by embarking on an acquisition strategy. Turning the company into a more commercial entity would mean a complete change of culture. It might also result in the loss of some top engineering and scientific minds and perhaps even the company's reputation. The CEO wondered if there a way to effectively introduce a business mindset to the organization while still preserving its innovation-based DNA.

This brief case is a supplement to "Cresud and Argentina" (515-043) and "Note on Agriculture in Argentina" (515-069). Set in early 2016, it describes developments in Argentina under newly elected President Mauricio Macri, including the country's return to international credit markets, major economic and agricultural policy reforms, and the potential improvements and obstacles Argentina faces under this new administration. The case also describes Cresud's performance in 2015. It allows students to consider the outlook for Cresud amid the evolving context in Argentina, with volatility in Brazil a potentially important factor.

In October 2015, Walmart surprised investors by announcing that it expected flat sales growth for 2015 and growth of only 3% to 4% over the coming three years. Profits would also fall due to significant investments in people and technology. The company's stock price dropped 10% on the news, the largest one-day decline since 1998. In February 2016, Walmart reported that revenues for 2015 had dropped 0.7% to $482.1 billion, the first decline in Walmart's history. The company also downgraded its sales forecast for the coming year, suggesting sales would now be flat. Meanwhile, online retailer Amazon was growing rapidly and, despite being less than one-quarter of the size of Walmart, now boasted a higher market capitalization. Moreover, in April 2016, Alibaba of China announced that it had passed Walmart in global sales to become the biggest retail platform in the world. To add to Walmart's woes, in the United States traditional dollar discount stores and convenience outlets were gaining ground, and wage rises were putting pressure on profits. Meanwhile, international markets continued to underperform. Indeed, some analysts had suggested that Walmart retreat to its U.S. home base to improve performance. Many feared that this was the end of the 50+ year inexorable rise of Walmart. However, CEO Doug McMillon remained determined to get the company back on track and vowed to eschew short-term profits and invest in the future. Investors were not impressed. They had waited a long time for improvements; in 2015, Walmart generated three times the sales and profits it had achieved in 1999, and yet the stock price had barely changed. Patience was running out.

Data breaches are becoming more frequent and more damaging to the bottom line of many businesses. The Target data breach marked the beginning of increased scrutiny of cybersecurity practices. In the past, data breaches were seen as a cost of doing business, but Target's negligence and the scale of the data loss forced businesses and the courts to reevaluate current practices and regulatory frameworks. Businesses must make strategic use of their chief information officers, adopt cybersecurity best practices, and effectively train their employees to respond to growing security threats. They must also shape the cybersecurity narrative to influence regulatory responses to these threats.

In a 2013 Business Horizons article, we described the serious legal problems that can arise when companies develop corporate wellness programs, and outlined ways in which companies can minimize their financial risk. Recently, the landscape changed: For the first time, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission asserted that several wellness programs violate the Americans with Disabilities Act. In this installment of Organizational Performance, we explain the battles that are taking place along this new legal front and suggest steps companies can take to best ensure that their financial positions are not undermined by their wellness programs. In particular, we recommend (1) ensuring that wellness programs actually improve employee health; (2) revisiting whether programs are truly voluntary; (3) being cautious about including dependents in wellness programs; (4) collaborating with disabled employees to meet their needs; (5) providing clear, written explanations when asking for medical information; and (6) taking extra precautions to ensure that medical information is confidential.

Integrated reporting, a new development in the reporting landscape, seeks to concisely communicate a firm's value through a more holistic picture that integrates financial and non-financial information. This practice is in its infancy in the United States and Europe, with many firms unsure of what integrated reporting is, what its benefits are, and even how to set it up. Drawing upon transcripts from 19 unstructured panel interviews at a global symposium on the subject, we discuss the business case for integrated reporting, as well as the multitude of challenges a firm faces when beginning its integrated reporting journey. We also summarize experiences and tips from interviewees on the need for integrated thinking, the most effective use of the International Integrated Reporting Council's framework, the best way to obtain high-quality data, the ideal audience of such reports, and the options for report assurance.