個案總覽

The case begins with a brief biography of Dr. Askwar Hilonga, and background on the myriad problems created by insufficient access to fresh water. Having grown up in rural Northern Tanzania, Dr. Hilonga observed first-hand the difficulties and devastation caused by this problem, such as disease and death; lack of water for toilets and for bathing and cleaning; and difficulty delivering pre- and post-surgical care, for example. These challenges are especially dire in sub-Saharan Africa. After obtaining Master's degrees in Chemistry and in Public Health and a Ph.D. in Nanotechnology, Dr. Hilonga developed and patented a water filtration system designed to purify drinking water at the point of use. Users provide samples of the local water they intend to filter. Dr. Hilonga tests the water and customizes a nanofilter, which, working in conjunction with two standard filters, comprise a three-tiered system standing about six feet tall. The filtration efficacy rate is 99.99%. Water is periodically re-tested and filters are replaced to ensure quality. With his wife Ruth, who has Master's degrees in Business Management and in Accounting, Dr. Hilonga formed Gongali Model Company, Limited ("GMC") in 2010. With some funding and an interest-free loan, he developed prototypes and worked in the Arusha, Tanzania area to educate communities and provide demonstrations of the product. GMC works with local entrepreneurs ("LEs") who operate one or more filtration stations with the goal of attaining 100 customers each. Most LEs rent the station and, after an initial $15 installation fee, they pay $3 per week rental charge and keep everything they collect over this amount. They are required to provide data six days per week to the GMC headquarters on the number of liters filtered and sold. This information is essential for GMC to determine when to replace filters to maintain quality. A small staff work at GMC headquarters in Arusha.

This case is based on highly publicized events surrounding lethal medication manufactured and sold by a small pharmaceutical company outside Boston, Massachusetts called New England Compounding Center (NECC). Formed in 1998, NECC was owned and operated by husband and wife Barry Cadden and Lisa Conigliaro Cadden, along with other family members. In conjunction with its sister company, Ameridose, the businesses focused on preparing prefilled syringes and large vats of medication into smaller intravenous bags, ready for individual use. It also compounded medication for individual patients' specific needs. But as the business grew aggressively, taking larger and larger orders, fast production was prioritized over safety and sanitation. A fungal meningitis outbreak in the fall of 2012 was linked to steroids fabricated by NECC. Despite an immediate recall, the allegedly contaminated product had been distributed to more than 14,000 patients in 23 states. In total, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported 751 cases of fungal infection that could be linked to tainted steroid injections compounded by NECC. Of these, 64 were fatal. How should the legal system respond?

With more country participants than the United Nations, World Cup football (soccer) is one of the most multinational businesses in the world. Zinedane Zidane's headbutt of Marco Materazzi near the conclusion of the last match of the 2006 championship between France and Italy triggered a diverse range of questions and problems for FIFA and others. A host of ethical, business, legal (especially disciplinary regulations) and political implications of World Cup football find their genesis in Zidane's headbutt. This case was awarded the Indiana University CIBER Award for the "Best International Case" by the Academy of Legal Studies in Business in 2008.