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Silenced by Fear: The Nature and Consequences of Fear at Work
Fear has shaped human behaviour for a very long time, and it continues to do so today. However, attention to fear in organizational life - how and why it is experienced, and to what effects - has received little attention. The authors argue that the most significant result of fear at work is silence on the part of employees. They describe four types of silence that affect productivity and innovation across industries: Non-Deliberative Defensive Silence, Schema-Driven Defensive Silence, Deliberative Defensive Silence and introduce a new one, Habituated Silence. In addition, they describe the concept of 'voice efficacy', and show how to develop it in oneself and in others in an effort to mitigate the debilitating effects of silence.