For all the talk about management as a science, experienced executives know that strategic decisions and tactics depend heavily on context. No one understood this better than Theodore Levitt (1925-2006). A Harvard Business School professor renowned as a founder of modern marketing, he sought above all to use his knowledge to serve the needs of businesspeople. In a series of powerfully insightful--and delightfully written--essays in Harvard Business Review, he provoked readers to reexamine their settled thinking about vital issues so that they could better meet the needs of customers. Levitt had the gifts of provocation and generalization, offering ideas that startled readers but compelled them to think creatively and intelligently about their companies. Writing in a period when business was held in far less esteem than it is today, he rejected the easy contempt that many intellectuals had for managers and consumers. Levitt carried that practical approach to his tenure at Harvard Business Review from 1985 to 1989. As one of HBR's most intellectual and most populist chief editors, he understood that the magazine's main purpose was to serve as a kind of sophisticated translation, clarifying authors' raw--and sometimes rough -- ideas for impatient, time-pressed readers. This tribute, a look into one of business's great minds, offers excerpts from six of Levitt's most influential HBR articles: "Marketing Myopia" (July-August 1960), "After the Sale Is Over..." (September-October 1983), "Marketing Success Through Differentiation--of Anything" (January-February 1980), "Production-Line Approach to Service" (September-October 1972), "The Globalization of Markets" (May-June 1983), and "Creativity Is Not Enough" (May-June 1963).
As president of Scotch whisky maker Glenmeadie, Bob Littlefield is pleased to see the results of his CMO's recent marketing initiatives. There are new interactive capabilities on the company's Web site, a product information call center, and numerous other customer interfaces designed to deepen consumers' connection to the brand. Thanks to these front-end innovations, sales are up--and largely because of more loyal purchasing behavior, research shows. But not all the news is good. Glenmeadie's CFO says the marketing programs account for half the company's costs. Meanwhile, Glenmeadie's master distiller, Ellis Cameron, resents the fact that, with so much money going toward enhancing customer relations, there isn't enough left for his R&D efforts. In a meeting with Bob, he launches into a tirade about priorities. "There's an old expression," Ellis says, "Build a better mousetrap, and the world will beat a path to your door." Glenmeadie, he says, is neglecting the customer's basic need, "We've given up on redesigning his mousetrap and are trying to trap him instead!" Commenting on this fictional case study in R0610A and R0610Z are David Herman, president of luggage maker Hartmann; Marketspace's president, Jeffrey Rayport; Stephen Dull, vice president of strategy at VF; and Joe Scafido, who leads innovation at Dunkin' Brands.
As president of Scotch whisky maker Glenmeadie, Bob Littlefield is pleased to see the results of his CMO's recent marketing initiatives. There are new interactive capabilities on the company's Web site, a product information call center, and numerous other customer interfaces designed to deepen consumers' connection to the brand. Thanks to these front-end innovations, sales are up--and largely because of more loyal purchasing behavior, research shows. But not all the news is good. Glenmeadie's CFO says the marketing programs account for half the company's costs. Meanwhile, Glenmeadie's master distiller, Ellis Cameron, resents the fact that, with so much money going toward enhancing customer relations, there isn't enough left for his R&D efforts. In a meeting with Bob, he launches into a tirade about priorities. "There's an old expression," Ellis says, "Build a better mousetrap, and the world will beat a path to your door." Glenmeadie, he says, is neglecting the customer's basic need, "We've given up on redesigning his mousetrap and are trying to trap him instead!" Commenting on this fictional case study in R0610A and R0610Z are David Herman, president of luggage maker Hartmann; Marketspace's president, Jeffrey Rayport; Stephen Dull, vice president of strategy at VF; and Joe Scafido, who leads innovation at Dunkin' Brands.
The environmental manager at the Royal Bank of Canada (RBC) has finally received the detailed environmental and social risk assessment of the Qatargas II LNG Project. RBC was a potential participant in a syndicated loan for a project financing venture in Qatar. The project would extract and process liquid natural gas there and transport it to the United Kingdom market. RBC was among the first banks to use an environmental and social risk assessment process based on the Equator Principles that supported the principles underlying sustainable development. However, environmental non-government organizations (NGOs) further complicated any financing decision; they were only too quick to point out publicly any shortcomings. Moreover, it was not clear if problems might occur in monitoring and enforcing any loan covenants. Two basic questions remained: first, does the Qatargas II Project make sense to RBC as it attempts to balance economic, environmental, and social performance (i.e., the triple-bottom line); and second, do the Equator Principles provide a competitive advantage?
FHP Wireless develops and sells Wi-Fi networking hardware with value-added software to create "wireless meshes," the technology that makes metro-scale Wi-Fi coverage possible. A wireless mesh connects many wireless routers together in a network that reduces backhaul (the connection between a particular network and the internet) costs by an order of magnitude over alternative metro-scale solutions. Follows the founders through the development of the FHP product, financing, and the company's early attempts to bring its product to market. Concludes as the company faces several strategic alternatives to addressing its unexpectedly slow revenue ramp. The company must choose between several target markets, and the decision is complicated by a declining cash balance and a new investor.
Jim Quigley, CEO of Deloitte and Touche's consulting practice, asks senior partner Cathy Benko to lead Deloitte & Touche's much publicized Initiative for the Retention and Advancement of Women (WIN). Benko, already the Lead Client Service Partner on one of Deloitte's largest west coast engagements and the firm's High Technology Sector Leader, rejects the offer. This sets off a series of moves by players across the firm. The case follows Benko's early career, detailing the reasons why Quigley believes she is the right person to lead the initiative. Both Quigley and Benko make decisions and take steps that shape Benko's role as a leader in the firm.
Cathy Benko pulls together a group of Deloitte and Touche's top partners for a weekend discussion of the Initiative for the Retention and Advancement of Women (WIN). Benko, stimulated by the strong reaction by the attending partners, agrees to take on the leadership role. But only after negotiating the details of the role with CEO Quigley.
Students act as managers or investors. Managers have the ability to manipulate reported earnings, and investors must bid for shares taking this into account.
A couple has to decide whether to continue renting a townhouse or buy the one next door. Allows for a discussion of net present value, internal rate of return, and the costs and benefits of homeownership.
In early 2003, CEO Ben Verwaayen and Chief Broadband Officer Alison Ritchie of BT Plc. are trying to transform the former British Telecom from a stodgy telephone company into a 21st century broadband company. Their efforts to focus the firm on broadband issues within the UK are being thwarted by a reluctant management team. Discusses the problems Verwaayen and Ritchie face in forging a social revolution within BT and illustrates the challenges of cross line of business innovation.
In 1984, when it was a small factory in Xiaoshan, Zhejiang, Wanxiang signed its first export contract. Ten years later in 1994, when Wanxiang America Inc was just registered, the company was headed only by a Chinese overseas student. In 2003, Wanxiang sold its products all around the world, and had acquired dozens of companies in the United States and Europe, becoming a true multinational corporation. The chairman of the board and the president were full of confidence, Wanxiang will become a large multinational company in the foreseeable future, with its unique core values and core competence. It will be named China Wanxiang Holdings. This case mainly discusses the process of Wanxiang's overseas expansion, tracing its development at different stages and presenting how the success had been achieved.
On a recent visit to Australia, Anna Amphlett and Andrew Ferris observed Australians consuming large numbers of meat pies, the national food of Australia. Believing that Americans would also enjoy consuming meat pies, they developed plans to sell authentic Australian meat pies-Aussie Pies-from a store at Seattle, Washington's Pike Place Market. Amphlett and Ferris obtained information on the costs of making a meat pie and operating a store at Pike Place Market. Market research provided estimates of how much consumers might pay for a meat pie, given competition from traditional U.S. fast food, such as hamburgers and hot-dogs.
Anna Amphlett and Andrew Ferris are in the planning stages of developing and operating a store in Seattle's Pike Place Market that would make and distribute Australian meat pies under the trademarked name, Aussie Pies. The meat pies would be made from lean beef raised using no hormones or insecticides. The retail store where the pies would be made and distributed would be visibly clean and hygienic to customers who would be able to see the production area at the back of the store through a large glass wall. Amphlett and Ferris have contributed to the business the land they purchased in Pike place Market. The entrepreneurs have approached Puget Sound Band for a loan, but the bank asked the entrepreneurs to provide the company's business plan including project financial statements for the first year of operations.
Covers inter-firm, IT-enabled supply chain collaboration and focuses on supplier-manufacturer collaboration. To assess collaboration from a holistic point of view, the case describes the distinct role played by the various parties involved in the collaborative effort: the manufacturer and its supply base, as well as a consulting firm, a supply chain process outsourcing company, and a software provider. Centers on the two latter companies--World Wide Technology (WWT), a $2 billion supply chain process outsourcing company based in St. Louis, and ClearOrbit, a rapidly growing software company based in Austin, Texas. Presents the story of a world-class automotive original equipment manufacturer (OEM) whose purchasing operations for maintenance, repair, and operations material had grown complex, costly, and error prone. In mid-2004, WWT, along with a consulting firm, proposed an outsourcing program to the OEM: the consulting firm would perform strategic sourcing and WWT would manage the entire fulfillment cycle. A critical feature of this program was that it would be collaborative. Early on in the program, however, it became apparent to WWT that delivering on the collaborative requirements of the program demanded the aid of specialized technological capabilities. WWT decided to partner with ClearOrbit, a company that had recently developed an Internet-based solution for companies to manage POs, deliveries, and invoices with a supply base regardless of size and technological resources available at each supplier. Describes the challenges of design, implementation, and growth of the program.
SAP seeks growth in the small- and medium-sized enterprise market. To do so, it has created a platform strategy with SAP Netweaver. What are the advantages and challenges for an incumbent entering a new market? What are the benefits and challenges of implementing a platform strategy?