In 2020, as the COVID-19 pandemic swept across the globe, Apple and Google partnered to develop a contact tracing application that would collect information about users infected with the disease and notify those who they had been in contact with. While Apple/Google's app would keep information about infection and contact private, some governments wanted more access. Apple and Google refused to provide this information, sparking a debate over what responsibilities the companies had in the realms of personal privacy and public health. This incident marked a seeming increase in privacy protections among technology companies, with Apple increasing user privacy options with its iOS 14 update and Zoom offering free end-to-end encryption. Did this indicate a permanent shift in the tension between privacy and safety?

In 2019, Bruno Masson, the vice chairman of Veolia's Ethics Committee, was preparing for a meeting on a rollout plan for a new whistleblowing system to more countries. Veolia, a global supplier of water, waste, and energy services, had recently gone through several incidents of corporate misconduct. In response, Veolia believed that strengthening corporate whistleblowing was an essential next step to prevent future incidents of misconduct. Given the positive experiences with its existing platform in the U.S., Veolia had originally tested this platform in Germany, where both corporate and legal protections for whistleblowers were weaker compared to the U.S.. However, this rollout turned out to be unsuccessful. This initial setback prompted Masson to try a different approach to encourage more whistleblowing. They hired an outside vendor to provide Veolia with new whistleblowing capabilities. Would the new system be more successful in encouraging employees to report their concerns? How would the whistleblowing laws in Germany influence the effectiveness of this platform? Could this technology have negative implications for employee trust and productivity in the long run?

In 2021, AppHarvest completed construction of a 60-acre indoor farming facility, one of the world's largest, recorded its first sales, and went public in a multi-billion dollar IPO. Described as "a force of nature," Jonathan Webb founded the company to bring jobs back to Appalachia. Now, as he plans for more indoor farms, he has to face the challenges of growing a company quickly.

In 2016, Fiona Mungai became Endeavor Kenya's first managing director. In this role, she helped the organization build its inaugural board and select its first Endeavor entrepreneur, a fintech company called Cellulant. Throughout this process, Mungai observed the power of personal networks and connections in the development of the company and the creation of an entrepreneurial ecosystem in Kenya. As Endeavor Kenya reaches the end of its first five years, Mungai and the board focus on expanding the scope of business operations throughout East Africa and fulfilling Endeavor's global vision.

Threadless, an online apparel company and artist community which Jake Nickell founded in 2000, continued to maintain its status as a top company in the online apparel industry during its second decade. From 2010 to 2020, Threadless continued to operated its crowd-sourcing platform, while it transitioned away from traditional screen printing to a digital print-on-demand model. Concurrently, the company jettisoned its warehouse and built a worldwide network of manufacturers that could print and ship Threadless orders on demand. Threadless also launched a new platform called Artist Shops that allowed graphic artists to sell apparel in uniquely branded online stores, with the option of having Threadless manage their pricing and promotional events. The software Threadless developed to facilitate its manufacturing network and Artist Shops platform also led Threadless to increasingly view itself as a technology company performing intermediary services, rather than merely an online apparel company. The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 accelerated the company's transition, triggering the sale of Threadless's office and a move to working from home. Nickell wondered what the next steps for the company should be.

In 2015, Apple CEO Tim Cook debuted the iPhone 6S with enhanced security measures that enflamed a debate on privacy and public safety around the world. The iPhone 6S, amid a heightened concern for privacy following the 2013 revelation of clandestine U.S. surveillance programs, employed a default encryption system that prevented both Apple and government authorities from accessing data stored on the device. Law enforcement officials warned that the encryption hindered investigations for criminal cases and international terrorism and called on Apple to build a backdoor, a way to bypass the encryption. But Cook maintained that any backdoor would compromise customers' privacy and security. In 2016, a federal judge ordered Apple to provide technical assistance to unlock the iPhone used by one of the two mass shooters who killed 14 people in San Bernardino, California. Apple refused to comply with the order and asked the government to withdraw its demand. This refusal highlighted Apple's stated policy of supporting consumer privacy. Meanwhile, in China, Apple removed various VPN apps from Apple's Chinese App Store. This action elicited strong negative responses from civil rights activists and members of the U.S. government. In 2019, Apple again faced criticism for removing the HKmap.live app from the App Store, which had been used by protestors in Hong Kong. As these situations unfolded, Cook considered his responsibilities to global governments as well as to Apple's customers, employees, and shareholders.

By December 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic had swept across the globe, creating widespread disruption in all aspects of everyday life. Almost 90 million people had been infected and nearly two million had died from the disease. By this point in the pandemic-a year since the first rumors about the novel virus began, mask-wearing and social-distancing had become routine, and millions of people were working or studying from home. Grief and anxiety were widespread due to the loss of loved ones, financial hardships, and uncertainty about when the pandemic would recede. Hoping to solve the health crisis, governments worldwide were relying on private companies to fast-track the development and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines. Meanwhile, the global economy was experiencing the worst output crisis in decades, with a recovery that was uncertain and uneven across countries, coupled with rising concerns about the levels of debt and inflation.

During the early 1980s, young gay men in urban centers such as San Francisco and New York City began contracting a mysterious illness that would come to be known as HIV/AIDS. A diagnosis meant almost certain death, with a less than 1% survival rate. Conflicting priorities and agendas within a range of institutions-such as federal and local governments, the medical bureaucracy, incentive structures, and religious convictions-resulted in a failure to mitigate the outbreak. HIV/AIDS infections grew to pandemic proportions leading to one of the largest public health crises in American history.

In the fall of 2009, founder and CEO Gab Goncalves has turned PeopleAnswers, Inc. from a fledgling startup to a steadily growing company of nearly 50 employees and $10 million recurring revenue. PeopleAnswers provides people analytics software which its clients use to screen job candidates, matching potential hires to the characteristics of existing top performers. After seven years of growth, the firm is still being run by its founding team, and Goncalves worries whether the business can continue to scale. The case takes place at a moment when Goncalves is about to interview a seasoned sales executive from SAP (a major enterprise software company) to be VP of Sales, and explores strategic human resource management problems for a growing firm. Goncalves has to confront three questions: (i) Does he need to hire? (ii) What should he be looking for? (iii) How can he convince a good candidate to take the job? All three questions may hinge on the firm's broader strategy. A companion (B) case reveals what happened next, and revisits the questions of the case a few years later, at a new crossroads.

In April 2020, the world struggled to contain the exponential escalation of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Dozens of countries had imposed restrictions on travel, work, and social gatherings. A large share of the global population was under lockdowns and unprecedented supply and demand disruptions crippled the economy. In response, central banks announced massive lending programs to avoid a financial meltdown, and governments were launching unprecedented fiscal packages designed to contain the collapse. In a matter of weeks, the pandemic turned into one of the worst global economic crises since the Great Depression. As governments struggled to make policy decisions, uncertainty and tensions were rising. How to balance the public health and economic concerns? What would be the economic and political consequences of the policy response? Was this the end of globalization, or the beginning of a new era of international cooperation? The only certainty was that some of the hardest choices still lay ahead.

Michelin, a tire company with over a century of experience, attempts to develop a digital service platform for its fleet and dealer customers. The case focuses on the challenges of bringing a large, well-established company into the digital age. Concerned about the slow growth in the tire market, Florent Menegaux, Michelin's CEO, set out to redefine the company as a mobility company. As part of this growth strategy, Michelin started offering a host of services such as fleet management and tire-as-a-service. In January 2020, Ralph Dimenna, Global President of its Service and Solutions group, launched its latest initiative called Digital Service Platform, a cloud-based system that connected Michelin with its fleet customers and dealers. However, the program was facing resistance in the market and he wondered what he could do to accelerate its acceptance.

The June Oven was a smart oven which was capable of identifying food and cooking it accordingly. This type of smart oven represented the next step in the long history of oven and stove development. Due to the widespread use of traditional ovens, the market for the June Oven was potentially large. The June Oven was primarily a direct-to-consumer product, available through the company's own website, but it was available through some retail stores. June faced challenges from a relative decline in retail sales, the turn to online shopping, potential smart oven competitors, macroeconomic factors such as the U.S. China trade war, and internal problems such as software malfunctions.

The Carroll Family, U.S. pig and grain farmers, needed to decide what to plant, whether to purchase land, emphasize pigs or grain, or other investments. Seven family members across three generations owned and operated Carroll Family Farms (CFF). In Illinois, CFF raised pigs as part of a commodity pork business, grew corn and soybeans to feed the pigs, and used the pig manure to fertilize its crops. CFF also owned a significant farming operation in Brazil that grew soybeans, cotton, and corn, and it provided farm services for other farmers in Brazil. They had low debt, and significant cash flow. CFF faced significant market uncertainties. The U.S. and China were in the midst of a trade war that was impacting the supply, demand, prices, and trade patterns of agricultural products. There was a growing African swine fever outbreak that could kill off a large portion of the world's pig population. The U.S. government paid large, but uncertain agricultural subsidies, and farmland was expensive and rarely available for purchase. How should the Carroll family farmers address these challenges?