Born in 2008 as a small startup selling flip flops, by mid-2021 Zalando had turned into an online fashion company with an assortment of more than 4,500 international brands, 45 million active customers, and a presence in 23 European markets. An essential component in the company's ambition to become Europe's "starting point for fashion" was the ongoing transition from an online retailer to a platform business. The management team grappled with numerous strategic decisions. How could Zalando accelerate its transformation? Which new markets and novel customer propositions should the company invest into? And how should it balance the needs of consumers and partners?

The Great Depression was, by far, the worst economic contraction of the twentieth century, and some of the most important ideas about both fiscal and monetary policy in the second half of the century were developed in response to it. The economic collapse, which started with a sudden stock market crash in the United States, had quickly assumed worldwide proportions. A combination of deflation, massive unemployment, dramatic declines in industrial production, numerous banking panics, and catastrophic increases in poverty and homelessness led many to doubt the system of capitalism itself. Old remedies and new cures had been applied with varying degrees of success in different countries, but ongoing diatribes over World War I reparations and debts obstructed any form of meaningful cooperation in the international arena. Nations turned inward, and while world trade collapsed, more than one sought salvation at the extremes of the political spectrum.

Farfetch, a global luxury technology platform and digital marketplace had been surfing the wave of digital transformation in the luxury fashion industry since 2008. While the company's stock price and market valuation had fluctuated since its IPO in 2018, it had achieved positive EBITDA only once in the fourth quarter of 2020. Now, CEO Jose Neves had to decide how to allocate company resources across the various business lines that had sprung up alongside the marketplace, including Farfetch Platform Solutions, a modular set of e-commerce technology solutions and services for luxury retailers and brands, the Store of the Future initiative, a partnership with Alibaba and two of the largest luxury houses (Richemont and Kering), and investment in Farfetch's own fashion brands. As the company expanded into new business lines, it stewarded an increasingly complex and interdependent luxury ecosystem in which it could be perceived as both a collaborator and a potential competitor to its various constituents. How could Neves chart the best path to profitable growth while keeping everyone satisfied as competition heats up in the online and offline luxury retailscape?

Can Brainlab, a privately held firm, compete with giants like Medtronic and Amazon in delivering the Digital Operating Room of the future? The CEO is pondering solutions for secure exchange of medical information, pricing a new robotic imaging device, and reorganizing the firm. Thirty years have passed since the self-taught computer programmer Stefan Vilsmeier founded the firm and achieved dominance in many fields. How can he maintain it in the face of this new, powerful, and well-funded competition?

Riccardo Cortese and Federico Pinna were the CEOs of Briscola-Pizza Society, a restaurant chain they had founded in 2014 with a clear ambition: create a distinctive international pizza chain that would combine a fast-casual format with the devotion to quality that characterized family-run Italian restaurants. In 2017, Francesco Trapani, the former CEO of luxury jewelry company Bulgari, had taken a majority stake in the chain, which had switched to a format of "affordable luxury." At the end of 2019, Briscola counted six restaurants in the northern regions of Italy and its founders were grappling with a series of questions: Should they consolidate their position in other Italian regions or expand directly abroad? In which countries would their concept work best? Should they change their direct ownership model? If so, what kinds of partnerships, licensing agreements, and franchise models should they use? Finally, what was the right degree of standardization across their restaurants? Allowing some variations in the menu at the restaurant level would be attractive to target specific segments of their clientele, but would this complicate their operations and potentially hinder their growth?

Emmanuel Faber, Chairman and CEO of the food and beverage company Danone, believed that humankind had only ten years to bend the curve on climate change and restore the biodiversity that the global food and agricultural ecosystem was critically dependent on. Upon becoming CEO in 2014, he had built on Danone's long history of CSR-engagement to give a boost to the company's mission to bring health through food to as many people as possible. In September 2019, he reflected on the progress achieved thus far, including efforts to support regenerative agriculture through new contract types for famers in their milk division. Still, many questions remained in his journey to fix what he saw as the food industry's broken system: How could they manage the desired long-term transition to a sustainable system while also meeting the company's short-term financial targets? What was the role of the private sector? What economic model could support an inclusive transition? How to engage partners and consumers to embark on this journey?

In the fall of 2018, Serbia found itself at a crossroads yet again. Following the Balkan Wars of the 1990s and the collapse of Yugoslavia, the country had embarked on a slow and arduous process of accession to the European Union (EU). This had been further hampered by the country's tortuous relations to its breakaway province of Kosovo, one of several regions fighting for political independence at a time when the continent itself was seeking greater economic and political integration in the form of the EU. Support for the EU accession was falling in Serbia, however, also in light of the increasing presence in the country of Russian and Chinese interests and investments. But would the country eventually have to pick a side amidst the rapidly changing geopolitics of the early twenty-first century?

In February 2018, the Remuneration Committee together with the full Board of Directors of the Scotland-based engineering company The Weir Group had to decide whether to seek a shareholder vote at the upcoming Annual General Meeting in April on a proposal to reform the company's executive remuneration system. The stakes were high: two years earlier shareholders had so roundly rejected a proposal to reform the company's executive pay arrangements that the result had hit the headlines. A new pioneering proposal had been put together-one that, if successful, would not only mark a dramatic change for the company but would also serve as a test case for executive pay reform in the whole United Kingdom. Should they go ahead? How a second failure to get shareholders' approval would be recorded in the chronicle of a company soon to celebrate its 150th anniversary?

Supplement to HBS Case 319-046. The case describes the events that took place in the run-up to the 2018 Annual General Meeting, the voting outcome, key perspectives on success factors, and the challenges that The Weir Group faced in the near future.

In December 2017, Vincent van den Boogert, CEO of ING in the Netherlands, was reflecting upon the company's "agile" transformation, a reorganization of work which had been critical to respond to and exceed rapidly changing customer expectations. Launched in 2015 at the head office, agile had spread to the rest of the Dutch organization, from client services to the branch network, and permeated the overall company culture. It was now time to rollout the transformation to other units of the ING Group, but some questions remained: could agile be as successful in other countries as it had been in the Netherlands? How fast should ING roll out the transformation? How could they build on the experience acquired so far to improve their methodology?

Supplement to HBS Case 818-077. Together with the agile methodology, innovation at ING was an enabler for the company's purpose of empowering people to stay a step ahead in life and business. The case explores ING's innovation priorities and strategy, as well as the related challenges ahead.

On the evening of 3 August 1914, British Foreign Secretary Lord Edward Grey contemplated whether to advice King and Parliament to declare war on Germany in the wake of the country's invasion of Belgium, or to stay out of what quickly was becoming a world war triggered by a royal assassination in Sarajevo. Over the past century, the said world had become woven together in ways never before seen, and a truly global economy had emerged that many believed forever would banished the possibility of war altogether. But could trade really assure perpetual peace, and what ultimately mattered most; interest, or principles? The case considers the lessons to be had from the rise and fall of the last great period of globalization.

On the evening of 3 August 1914, British Foreign Secretary Lord Edward Grey contemplated whether to advice King and Parliament to declare war on Germany in the wake of the country's invasion of Belgium, or to stay out of what quickly was becoming a world war triggered by a royal assassination in Sarajevo. Over the past century, the said world had become woven together in ways never before seen, and a truly global economy had emerged that many believed forever would banished the possibility of war altogether. But could trade really assure perpetual peace, and what ultimately mattered most; interest, or principles? The case considers the lessons to be had from the rise and fall of the last great period of globalization.

PFA Pension was the biggest commercial pension provider in Denmark. At the end of 2015, the company had decided to boost its investments into the alternative asset class, an area where it was lagging behind its competitors. The aim was to privilege direct investments and co-investments rather than allocations through funds. One year later, PFA could count on an expert alternative investment team, a defined investment process and a number of successful direct investments. Still, a number of questions remained: How could PFA better access attractive deal opportunities? Should PFA try to build a formal deal sourcing model? What resources and skills would be necessary to add to the alternative investment team?

Riccardo Zacconi was the co-founder and CEO of King Digital Entertainment, the video game company which had quickly established itself as the world's leading maker of casual games for mobile devices after the sensational success of its game "Candy Crush Saga." Zacconi had only a few days left to decide what to reply to Activision Blizzard, one of the largest video game publishers in the world, which had offered to acquire King for almost $6 billion. King had already managed to successfully adapt to disruptive technological changes in the course of its history, could it continue to go solo? Or would an acquisition by a complementary video game maker like Activision be the best choice for King to continue to thrive? The clock was ticking but Zacconi knew that whatever the final decision, it had to satisfy one condition: Player was King.