This technical note provides introductory to intermediate accounting and finance students with an introduction to the construction of a discounted cash flow analysis. The scenario is a plausible and moderately complex “real-world” managerial decision of whether or not a business owner should purchase labour-saving farm equipment. This decision includes tax implications and long-lived assets. One of the greatest challenges that managers face is understanding exactly what type of problem they are facing. Before we can learn to invoke and apply the appropriate structure, we have to identify the essence of the problem. The next step is to identify the required information to make the right decision, after an appropriate framework has been applied.
In November 2020, Paul Dietrich was wrapping up his busy harvest season for the 1,100 acres of farmland he currently operated. Although the fall harvest season demanded much of Dietrich’s time and attention, he simply could not ignore an investment opportunity that had been presented to him. A local farmland owner was selling a 150-acre parcel of farmland that adjoined some land parcels already owned by Dietrich. Dietrich estimated that a competitive bid would need to be at least CA$20,000 per acre and the bid would need to be made immediately. He sat down to consider both short-term and long-term impacts on his cash flows.
Kroeker Farms Ltd. (Kroeker) had 500 acres of organic hemp in 2016 and planned to expand to 1,100 acres in 2017. Kroeker was one of the largest producers of potatoes in Manitoba, and hemp had become an important part of the crop rotation on its certified organic land. The agronomist responsible for all non-vegetable crops was looking at two equipment investment options because the equipment currently used for hemp was already at its maximum capacity. The first option was to invest in a new technology—a camera cultivator along with a new air seeder, which had to be imported from Europe. The second option was to simply invest in a larger version of the row-cropping equipment that had been used successfully for hemp on the farm. With the next seeding term approaching quickly, in Spring 2017, he needed to make this decision as he knew if he chose the new technology option, shipping from Europe would add additional logistical and timing concerns.
An analyst is assessing Demand Media’s accounting policies in the face of media scrutiny around its capitalization of media costs as well as some of its non-GAAP disclosures. She has to decide whether it is appropriate to capitalize these costs. In order to do so, she must evaluate whether the costs meet the definition of an asset. After analyzing the company, its business model and its strategy, she can compare its content costs to various other companies that create content (intellectual property); competing accounting policies are also examined. The analyst can then determine the appropriate accounting treatment and whether any adjustments are warranted. With respect to non-GAAP earnings, she can decide whether the metrics proposed by the company are appropriate in order to measure performance.
An investor wishes to make an investment in a software/information technology company. The investor is intrigued by the growth prospects of firms in the cloud computing industry and is deciding on whether to make an investment in the common shares of Salesforce.com. While the industry appears to be very attractive, concerns have been raised in the financial media over the company's accounting policy decisions, particularly the decision to capitalize software development costs (internally developed intangible assets) and sales commissions. Concerns have also been raised over the company's focus on metrics outside generally accepted accounting principles. Students are asked to evaluate the company's accounting policy choices and are provided with relevant information regarding the company's business model, existing and proposed accounting standards (both under U.S. GAAP and IFRS), and the accounting policies of competitors. After evaluating the accounting policies, students may then conclude whether any adjustments should be made to the financial statements and determine how this impacts valuation.
A general contracting company specializing in the construction of single-family homes was known for its exceptional craftsmanship and was, therefore, highly sought after during the busy construction season from late spring to early fall. As a result, clients secured a spot in the company's schedule by paying deposits. This left the company with excess cash during the off-season, which it invested each year in trading investments. The case centres on the transactions associated with these short-term trading investments.
In early February 2009, a radiologist with Community Medical Imaging (CMI), in London, Ontario, was approached by the Timmins District Hospital chief about providing on-call service to Timmins and the surrounding area. The hospital’s current provider had decided to relocate to the United States and could no longer provide service. The chief was hoping CMI could take on the extra workload. The radiologist knew this job would provide interesting work for CMI’s radiologists and would improve CMI’s presence across the province, but simultaneously would place an increased demand, both professionally and personally, on the entire team. Other radiology groups would be interested in this job, so the radiologist needed to accept or reject the job as soon as possible.
A company that has a fleet of food trucks serving Thai food has issued bonds twice since its incorporation. Because the company has reached a level of maturity and is in the sixth year of operations, it is able to recall a portion of one of the bonds. The other bonds mature. Students are asked to record the transactions related to these bonds.
As a result of increased concern about common food allergens, a small ice cream manufacturer that sources its cream from local farms has decided to create a secondary manufacturing facility that can guarantee its products to be nut-free. A large investment is required in asset investment and regulatory compliance. The case centres around the bond financing associated with pursuing this expansion opportunity.
A large, well-established telecommunications company headquartered in Vancouver, British Columbia, has decided to begin an overhaul of its infrastructure, beginning with a small pilot project. The case centres around the bonds used to finance this project, the short-term investments made with portions of the bond proceeds, and the company's outstanding common shares.
Financial accounting entries must be made for a small Canadian oil and gas exploration and drilling company headquartered in Edmonton, Alberta, for a project in northern Saskatchewan.
It was mid-January 2011 and Elmer Enns, sole owner of Double E Grain Corporation, a 6600-acre farm in Saskatchewan, Canada, was reflecting on the past year, during which he had completed the canola harvest ahead of schedule. Helped by strong commodity prices, Double E had experienced successive years of prosperity (as shown by the financial statements in the case). Elmer, in his mid-50s, was optimistic about the industry and content with the current state of his operation. Despite being the sole owner of Double E, Elmer understood that he was not the only stakeholder to consider in planning for the future. His five-year plan was made more complex by his joint-venture partner, Jim Flath; Chad, a farmer with whom Elmer worked closely; and Elmer’s son Matt. Elmer also had to consider changing industry dynamics, including global food demand, and what resources he had available if the circumstances at Double E were to change. He had been in the business of farming long enough to know that lengthy periods without change were fortunate and rare. External changes (such as volatile commodity prices or the elimination of the wheat board) or internal changes (such as Jim or Matt’s evolving interests or Chad’s growing business) could have a drastic impact on Double E. In the face of many potential and unknown challenges, Elmer sat down to begin the complex task of envisioning where his farm would be in five years, both operationally and financially.
This case illustrates a grassroots enterprise's path to self-sufficiency in a subsistence market context. It explores the gradual evolution of a business model with strong social mandates (pro-health, pro-women) and asks which growth options best marry profitability and positive social change. The Mwanza, Tanzania-based Yogurt Mamas emerge as entrepreneurial role models in their communities, with funds from Western donors and an exciting new technology.<br><br>The Yogurt Mamas produce and locally distribute a probiotic yogurt to their small community; they are interconnected in a local value chain and benefit from annual inflows of expertise from Western partners, including free access to patented technology and free culturing of probiotic bacteria in a local lab. The case asks students to critically analyze the hurdles to profitability and suggest working solutions to scale up the venture. Challenges include funding sufficiency, clarity of roles and responsibilities, patent restrictions, kitchen ownership, food safety and quality concerns, and liability concerns. Options include technology/model licensing and franchising, organic growth and expansion to gain higher margins and greater control over the milk supply, and extending their distribution reach. If the Yogurt Mamas cannot find an attractive and feasible growth option, the partners will have to contemplate venture termination once the grant funding comes to an end, or consider alternative exit options.