Because of their remarkable history of financial success, corporate spinoffs are the subject of perennial interest and investigation. We critically review quantitative and case-based research to determine the conditions under which a spin-off divestiture provides beneficial results for the conglomerate, the newly independent subsidiary, and the stockholders. The shared goal of spin-off researchers is to understand the rationale for the financial success that spin-off firms and their newly disconnected conglomerates experience. Our review and synthesis of the findings include 30 years of academic research by scholars in strategic and business management, commercial research by independent researchers and consulting firms, and IRS and US Treasury documents that detail when a spin-off qualifies for a corporate tax-free exchange. Our central finding is that spin-offs, conglomerates, and stockholders benefit from tax-free divestiture and subsequent refocusing by the companies. The article explains the breadth of spin-off divestitures and the benefits of their success in the US. These results center on helping decision-makers recognize the situational factors that support the choice of a spin-off strategy.

Since the late 1990s, executives have been warned that explosive company growth is essential to producing superior financial performance. For executives who recognize that this contention accurately describes their situation and want to upgrade their competitive capabilities, the challenge is planning to grow fast while understanding and avoiding the risk of fast failure. In this article, we identify promising competitive strategies by studying businesses that have sought high-growth and succeeded in achieving it. The dataset consists of the fastest growing new ventures in the U.S. as selected for the Inc. 500. The results of a quantitative and qualitative analysis show that these businesses rely on different combinations of attributes related to advanced technology, market aggressiveness, and functional excellence. We discuss 12 of these attributes and look at the demographic characteristics of the Inc. 500 and their implications for new venture creation.

Grade inflation is rampant across universities, colleges, academic majors, and certainly in American business schools. Extensive evidence shows that the distribution of college GPAs is skewed sharply toward high grades. Consequently, GPAs often poorly convey students' relative academic achievement, sending a muddled message to prospective employers. This article explores the causes and consequences of grade inflation. It concludes with six recommendations for employers who want to encourage college administrators to control collegiate grade inflation, thereby strengthening the accuracy and value of a GPA in the processes of applicant evaluation and job placement.

With cost advantages from manufacturing in Asia and Mexico steadily deteriorating, U.S. firms are reassessing the option of domestic outsourcing to remain globally competitive. The challenge in evaluating international versus domestic outsourcing strategic options lies in that first-movers are extremely and intentionally vague about how they reach their decisions. The purpose of this article is to reveal these reasons by providing statistical and firm-based evidence on five major factors that are influencing the decision regarding where U.S. companies should manufacture to optimize their gross profits. The factors include (1) increasingly competitive U.S. labor costs; (2) increasing productivity of the U.S. workforce; (3) increasingly competitive domestic production costs; (4) incentives from federal, state, and local governments; and (5) improved synchronization of production with other business functions.

This is an MIT Sloan Management Review article. Should coworkers have sex with each other? Should employers try to stop them? The answer to the first question is that the question isn't worth answering -because office romance is inevitable anyway. The answer to the second is more interesting. And due to recent shifts in the legal climate, for companies, it's also more scary. There is a misunderstanding at the epicenter of the office romance debate, even as it attracts increasing scrutiny due to famous examples such as the recent episode involving CBS's "Late Show With David Letterman" host. Contrary to some commonly misread signals, managers are not interested in stamping out employee dating. However, sexual relationships and romances change office dynamics in potentially problematic ways, presenting legal challenges such as allegations about sexual harassment and a hostile work environment, and those challenges need to be managed skillfully This article explores the changing legal and managerial landscape regarding office romance, and explains what practices companies should take to avoid trouble.

Just over a decade ago, the work of strategic management scholars helped to broaden the perspectives of executives caught in the throes of declining organizational performance. In addition to the traditional turnaround options that stabilized financial performance, managers were shown approaches that they could deploy to reduce the chances of a recurrence of the turnaround situation. This article updates the progress that has since been made in understanding the turnaround process. Further, we look at an ambitious approach to redirecting the strategies of a reemerging company toward a more promising competitive position, as the essential last step in the process of business turnaround. Called strategic transformation, this approach to reformulating strategy cultivates company growth in strong or emerging markets.

An average of more than 500,000 businesses failed in the United States during each of the 10 recessions that have occurred since the end of World War II. Yet, scholarly and practitioner understanding of how to prepare for and respond to the challenges of an economic downturn remains extremely limited. This article analyzes and synthesizes the information from academic theory and business experience on managing through an economic recession. To assist firms in successfully navigating economic recessions, we suggest a program that involves positioning by holding positions in multiple markets and geographies, planning by developing a turnaround plan for facing sharply declining sales, promoting by maintaining marketing initiatives, and preparing by acting in anticipation of economic recovery.

Companies enact defenses against hostile takeovers to protect their independence and current management initiatives or to help ensure that hostile bidders are pressured to present their best offers. The critical challenge for executives is to determine--in anticipation of attacks on their firm--which defense strategies best fortify stockholder investments. Reviews the motivations for hostile takeovers, discusses the effects of popular defenses, and showcases several high-profile takeover bids to provide executives with well-reasoned and empirically supported evaluations of the major strategies they can use to maximize shareholder wealth.

In an average week, more than 300 companies fail. And more than 75% of those desperate firms file for a "liquidation bankruptcy," agreeing to a complete distribution of their assets to creditors. The remaining 25% refuse to surrender until a final option is exhausted: petitioning the courts for a "reorganization bankruptcy," trying to persuade its creditors to freeze their claims temporarily while it reorganizes to rebuild profitable operations. Proper and timely use of reorganization bankruptcy can bring relief from otherwise devastating indebtedness; chosen for the right reasons and correctly implemented, it can provide a financially, strategically, and ethically sound basis for serving the interests of all stakeholders. A model is offered for analysis of the bankruptcy situation and the turnaround response. The successful integration of reorganization bankruptcy as a key component of a strategic plan is based on an understanding of bankruptcy law and how its provisions affect the company, as well as the timely use of Chapter 11 protection as it was intended--to retrench systematically and put together a new strategy that evokes support of all stakeholders. It should never become a popular strategic choice; but if properly exercised, it can revive a deserving organization.