A gerontologist in Kaiser Permanente's Colorado region is concerned with the high and growing cost of treating the elderly population. She introduces a new care model, Primary Care Plus, using an interdisciplinary team of a primary care doctor, palliative care specialist, nurse coordinator, clinical pharmacy specialist, and behavioral and social service specialists. The team focuses on the highest-risk patients to see if the new, pro-active care model can improve patient, family, and provider satisfaction and lower Kaiser Permanente's total cost of care for this patient segment.

Partners in Health, a global NGO focused on delivering health care to residents of rural underserved communities, conducts a project on the cost of primary care at five sites in the Central Highlands of Haiti. It devises a simple approach for tracking the resources used by patients being treated for diverse medical conditions, as an input to a time-driven activity-based costing model. The results show considerable cost diversity across the five sites, but organizational leaders differ on the interpretation and action implications of the findings.