Almost every organization has people it can't do without--specialists with "deep smarts," who are the go-to experts on critical issues. But because their knowledge is experienced-based, it's often instinctive and unarticulated, and never gets passed on. Capturing it is a challenge for both the organization and for colleagues who wish to become in-house authorities themselves. This article offers a methodical system for acquiring deep smarts from an expert. It involves observing that person extensively to understand what makes him successful, practicing the behaviors he exhibits on your own, partnering with him to solve problems, and ultimately taking responsibility for some of his tasks. Describing the experiences of one executive as she takes this journey with a mentor, the authors show how you too can gain the wisdom that will make you indispensable to your firm.

This is an MIT Sloan Management Review article. "Dysfunctional momentum" occurs when people continue to work toward an original goal without pausing to recalibrate or reexamine their processes, even in the face of cues that suggest they should change course. In the authors' study of firefighting teams as a metaphor for business organizations, where dysfunctional momentum arises daily, they found that it has at least five possible causes: (1) an overemphasis on action and decisiveness, which often precludes meaningful assessment along the way; (2) evaluating people, processes and outcomes against plans rather than reevaluating the plans themselves; (3) the cumulative effects of small changes that can ripple and grow throughout the organization; (4) the tendency to ignore or co-opt disconfirming evidence; and (5) deference to authority even when leaders are not especially in the know. To overcome dysfunctional momentum, the authors conclude, we have to create interruptions -points at which we can ask: What's the story now? Is it the same story as before? If not, how has it changed? And how, if at all, should we adjust our actions? The people in charge need to stop and reassess what is happening around them. Two interconnected factors tend to be instrumental, say the authors. First, individuals have to recognize their own inability to understand fully and predict the unfolding situation by themselves -they have to develop "situated humility."Second, they must actively create or seek out disruptive information -they have to accept interruptions so that people may reevaluate the story they are maintaining in their minds.