This note reflects a new focus on "effectuation," the logic behind entrepreneurial expertise, which consists of tacit as well as learnable and teachable aspects of experience that are related to high performance in specific domains. Instead of taking either traits or circumstances as inputs and trying to explain variance in performance, the expertise lens focuses on understanding commonalties across a variety of experts in a single domain, given high levels of performance. Effectuation matters, not merely because expert entrepreneurs prefer an effectual logic over a causal one, but because of the details it offers of a comprehensive alternative frams for tackling entrepreneurial problems. Which fram entrepreneurs use influences how they formulate problems; what alternatives they perceive and generate; which constraints they accept, reject, and/or manipulate and how; and why they heed certain criteria over others in fabricating and implementing new solutions. Logical framing matters because it makes a real difference in the world and makes a world of difference in the reality entrepreneurs perceive and make possible or impossible.

Tracking technologies--in products and services like TiVo and electronic toll collection--make people's lives a lot more convenient. But the public is understandably concerned about the privacy issues such technologies raise. No one is more aware of those issues than Dante Sorella, CEO of Raydar Electronics, which develops and sells radio frequency identification (RFID) tags and readers. So Dante is troubled when executives from one of his client companies approach him about integrating RFID technology into retail operations. KK Inc., a manufacturer and retailer of teen clothing, wants to embed flat RFID tags into the bills of its caps and visors. The tags would be activated at the registers with customers' purchasing data. When a customer wearing a hat next visited a KK store, the tag would be scanned by readers mounted at the entrance, and a video screen would greet the shopper. Armed with data about the individual's preferences, store personnel could steer her toward her favorite styles or appropriate sale items. Dante appreciates the technology behind the idea--and, of course, its business potential for Raydar--yet he can't help thinking that this particular application smacks of Big Brother. How should Dante respond to KK's interest in tagging the caps and visors? Commenting on this fictional case study in R0412A and R0412Z are Glen Allmendinger, president of the technology consulting firm Harbor Research; Lee Tien, senior staff attorney at the Electronic Frontier Foundation, a nonprofit organization that works to protect individuals' digital rights; Nick Dew, an assistant professor of management at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California; and R. Bhaskar, an associate of the Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences at Harvard University.

Tracking technologies--in products and services like TiVo and electronic toll collection--make people's lives a lot more convenient. But the public is understandably concerned about the privacy issues such technologies raise. No one is more aware of those issues than Dante Sorella, CEO of Raydar Electronics, which develops and sells radio frequency identification (RFID) tags and readers. So Dante is troubled when executives from one of his client companies approach him about integrating RFID technology into retail operations. KK Inc., a manufacturer and retailer of teen clothing, wants to embed flat RFID tags into the bills of its caps and visors. The tags would be activated at the registers with customers' purchasing data. When a customer wearing a hat next visited a KK store, the tag would be scanned by readers mounted at the entrance, and a video screen would greet the shopper. Armed with data about the individual's preferences, store personnel could steer her toward her favorite styles or appropriate sale items. Dante appreciates the technology behind the idea--and, of course, its business potential for Raydar--yet he can't help thinking that this particular application smacks of Big Brother. How should Dante respond to KK's interest in tagging the caps and visors? Commenting on this fictional case study in R0412A and R0412Z are Glen Allmendinger, president of the technology consulting firm Harbor Research; Lee Tien, senior staff attorney at the Electronic Frontier Foundation, a nonprofit organization that works to protect individuals' digital rights; Nick Dew, an assistant professor of management at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California; and R. Bhaskar, an associate of the Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences at Harvard University.

The case presents the challenges of trying to get a highly successful company to embrace entrepreneurship and innovation. Peter Hake has been recently appointed vice president in charge of developing the new business side of the company. Hake has a support staff of five managers reporting to him, and their collective responsibility is to promote entrepreneurship within Intel. Hake saw his central mission as creating a robust portfolio of new initiatives within the organization. After taking the job, Hake and his team have tried valiantly to encourage the young talent in Intel, both engineers and managers, to take some risks and to pursue promising new technologies and businesses. After a year of such activities, their efforts have not shown good results. The case challenges students to think about the conditions necessary for creating a vibrant entrepreneurial culture and climate within a large firm. Ideal for use in courses on: Innovation, Entrepreneurship, Corporate Venturing, Strategy.