When IBM set about commercializing its artificial intelligence-driven Watson AI in the healthcare market, its early successes were widely publicized. Senior managers and the media claimed that its diagnostic features would soon surpass those of the sharpest doctors. The case describes the large gap between what was promised and what happened in practice, offering insider insights on why IBM's projects failed. As the corporate commitment to AI escalated in response to successful lab results, cognitive dissonance arose between managers' expectations and what they could actually deliver. How could that have happened? Three reasons for Watson's downfall are explored: 1) The tendency for societal expectations to exceed the actual technical capabilities, leading to a gap in perception between AI in the lab and AI in the field. 2) Overselling of the economic benefits of AI by the salesforce; 3) Failure to secure the cooperation of key stakeholders, notably doctors who were asked to improve the performance of AI but were undermined by claims that AI could outperform them.
This case looks at the business and cultural transformation at Microsoft under CEO Satya Nadella, who took over in 2014 when the company had fallen prey to political infighting and the dominance of Windows over all else. The Microsoft veteran drove change from the top, inspiring others with the rallying cry "mobile-first and cloud-first", and inviting a mindfulness teacher to facilitate meetings of the senior leadership team. Open, honest and humble, he toured the company and its customers' offices worldwide, listening and gathering insights. Insisting that new products and services could only be developed if the offering was unique, he unleashed a culture change where staff began to embrace innovation. The case ends in October 2017, amidst glowing reports of progress under Nadella, who personally achieved 145% on the company's 'Culture and Organisational Leadership'goals. Yet there was still work to do - issues such as developing talent, reducing US-centricity, and shrinking the bureaucracy. Could the transformation be capsized by hidden icebergs? Would Microsoft stay on course with organisational learning and innovation once he was no longer at the helm?
When Puneet Chhatwal took over as CEO of Taj Hotels in 2018, he faced an onerous task: improving the financials in a hyper-competitive environment marked by the arrival of foreigners such as Starwood Hotels and online entrants Airbnb and OYO. He perceived that the focus on employee empowerment and welfare (as the basis of service excellence) conflicted with the need to emphasize cost cutting to improve profitability. These inconsistences left managers and staff unsure of the overall strategy. In an attempt to resolve them, the hospitality veteran balanced a top-down drive for change with bottom-up involvement in the strategy-making process. Adept in recognizing and adjusting resource allocation to ensure the parent company IHCL achieved its goals, he delegated tasks to the leadership team and employees but kept them focused on the deliverables. With input from many managers across the organization, a new strategy emerged organically - Aspiration 2022 - that resonated with the entire staff. By late 2019, staff were reporting a stronger sense of direction in day-to-day operations. With this came increased profitability and stock performance in line with group targets. With the success of the turnaround, the CEO seemed set to pursue his strategic vision through 2022. Little did he know that the strategy-making processes he had put in place would be subjected to upheaval as a result of the imminent COVID-19 pandemic.
The case charts the success of Chinese hot pot restaurant chain, Haidilao, from humble beginnings to international expansion, with a focus on how an emotion-based culture is created and sustained to deliver high performance. Chinese hot pot - a blend of meat and vegetables - is boiled by customers in a broth and eaten with a variety of sauces. There was nothing special about the food, but what differentiated Haidilao was the service, which catapulted the company to the number 1 spot in its segment and had diners queueing for up to two hours. The secret sauce was the company's attention to the welfare of its employees, who were encouraged to work hard to progress fast. The culture - that competitors its could not emulate - is explored in the case, including the five-part HR system, welfare system, extended family aspects, and ability to adapt (while retaining key cultural markers). The case also looks at attention to product quality and Haidilao's national and international expansion, asking how far its approach is sustainable in the future.
Longfor, a real estate company in China, treats every customer as an individual with distinctive tastes, preferences and needs; the homes it designs emphasize aesthetics, comfort, landscaping and lifestyle in a holistic way. Likewise, its organizational culture emphasizes equality and professionalism in a country where hierarchy and deference to authority are the norm. Its approach to HR (recruitment, training, evaluation, compensation, role-modeling) is completely at odds with common practice in China. The case asks: Is it possible to succeed in business with an organizational culture that is alien to the society in which the company operates? How can emotional capital be generated and embedded in a company to facilitate strategic innovation?
This case describes how IKEA's distinctive strategy was formed over a period of about 30 years (late 1940s to late 1970s). It describes how the various elements of its strategy were created gradually, with the help of many people other than the founder Kamprad, and how these elements were ultimately integrated with each other thanks to the creation of IKEA's organizational culture that came much later.
The case examines the downward spiral of Nokia, the mobile technology giant that once conquered the world, seen from the perspective of 'insiders' - based on interviews with Nokia executives at top and middle management level. They describe the emotional undercurrents of the innovation process that caused temporal myopia - an excessive focus on short-term innovation at the expense of longer-term more beneficial activities. Nokia's once-stellar performance was undermined by misaligned collective fear: top managers were afraid of competition from rival products, while middle managers were afraid of their bosses and even their peers. It was their reluctance to share negative information with top managers - who thus remained overly optimistic about the organisation's capabilities - that generated inaccurate feedback and poorly adapted organizational responses that led to the company's downfall. The case covers the period from the early 2000s to 2010, with a focus on 2007 (the introduction of the iPhone) to 2010, when the CEO left.
INGLOT is among the few Polish companies to have succeeded in 'going global'. It is recognized in the professional cosmetics industry for its pioneering innovation and appreciated by customers for its wide range of reasonably priced high-quality products. As INGLOT plans to aggressively expand, the executive team faces several key challenges.
This is an MIT Sloan Management Review article. In this article, the authors show that although the use of social media can be an extremely valuable way to enrich a company's culture and enhance its productivity, it isn't a sure thing. Based on a survey of 1,060 executives about their experience with social media and a number of indepth qualitative case studies, the authors argue that the main reason some social media initiatives fail to bring benefits to companies is because the initiatives don't create emotional capital, which they define as a strong emotional connection between stakeholders and the company. In the end, social media is still media -that is, mediums of communication -and those new mediums can be used as badly and counterproductively as any traditional mode. To show how companies can create a winning strategy, the authors contrast the experiences of two companies -an unnamed technology company and Tupperware Nordic, the Scandinavian branch of the kitchenware company. The technology company focused on software to facilitate social networking, not on using those new tools to build communities. It also tended to communicate in ways employees found insincere. Between insincere messages from the executive team and easier communication with other disgruntled employees, the initiative had no real positive effects for the company. Tupperware, by contrast, used the technology to help the company convey community spirit to its sales associates and took advantage of social media's unique ability to foster better vertical and horizontal communication.The authors conclude that although social media can help create closer and more dynamic stakeholder relationships, success with an online community requires a leader who can build emotional capital and who values community building as a means of creating economic value.
BP CEO Tony Hayward (UK) faced intense public scrutiny from many different constituencies in the US in the wake of the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. The case focuses on how his words and actions were perceived by the US media and government, and how these perceptions had critical business and personal outcomes.
This case describes IKEA's strategy, aiming to show how the Swedish company has developed and maintained its competitive advantage over decades while expanding its business worldwide.
This series of three sequential cases recounts the story of labour negotiations. The Maxime Platform, France, built in 1916 to accommodate the increasing demand for wood transportation, was by 1992 a loss-making unit. In 1998, a new Director of the Harbour and Railway Installations, Adrian Hamilton, is appointed. One of his first tasks was the assessment of the Maxime Platform operations. After confirming the difficult and declining financial performance of the installations, the decision to dispose of the unit and relocate staff to another Vector business unit was taken. The first case sketches the historical, geographical, economical and labour context of the Maxime Platform. It also introduces the protagonist of the case, Adrian Hamilton. It then proceeds by describing how Hamilton after winning over the trust of the unions and the employees soon after his arrival, looses it when job security at the Platform is threatened. The remaining part of the case describes the episodes of the first four months of the one-year labour negotiations that lead to the transfer of the Platform to a third party and the relocation of employees to another Alcan plant in the region.
Case B covers the period between May and October 2001. It describes the change and effects of a new leadership style on the negotiation process. It shows how Hamilton, by bridging the gap and building new relationship with the different stakeholders (local, regional and national unions; employees and their families, the community), manages to energize his management team throughout the long and difficult project and prepare employees for their transition from their past to their future.
Case C gives an account of the last three months of negotiations. Negotiations lead to a win-win conclusion of the project for all stakeholders as activity on the installations continue - with all its positive effect on the local economy - through a third party and the Maxime Platforms workers are provided with an attractive remuneration package and redeployed in one of Vector's best plants in the region.
In January 2000, two British middle-tier high technology companies, Stream and Line, announce their merger agreement. On 6 May 2000, in a record period of four months one of the biggest high technology companies with a capitalized market value of more than US$84 billion is formally launched on the world stock markets. On August 1st, the company celebrates its launch with world-wide satellite links in the presence of the newly designated CEO, Roger Farrell. This series of three sequential cases recounts the story of the merger from the perspective of one of the business unit, the Sales Organization, in the UK. The first case, "The Story of a Merger" covers the period between January 2000 and August 2000. It introduces the key character of the three cases, Anne Wright, the newly appointed Sales Organization President. After describing the business and cultures of the two merging companies, it proceeds by giving an account of the two most emotionally engaging events faced by the protagonist early in her position: her introduction to the acquired company, Stream, and the process of site selection and announcement. The second case, "Building the New Organization" covers the second half of 2000. It describes the painful experience of those remaining with the unsuccessful and closing site and the journey of those moving, temporary, to the winning location. After reviewing the appointment process, it gives an account of how the company brings to life the new values of the merged company. The third case, "Bumpy Road of Transformation" gives an account of the major activities during 2001 and 2002. It opens up by going over the residual frustrations as experienced by middle managers. It then proceeds by giving an overview of the systems and initiatives launched by the global and the UK company to equip the organization to meet the challenges of the future.
In January 2000, two British middle-tier high technology companies, Stream and Line, announce their merger agreement. On 6 May 2000, in a record period of four months one of the biggest high technology companies with a capitalized market value of more than US$84 billion is formally launched on the world stock markets. On August 1st, the company celebrates its launch with world-wide satellite links in the presence of the newly designated CEO, Roger Farrell. This series of three sequential cases recounts the story of the merger from the perspective of one of the business unit, the Sales Organization, in the UK. The first case, "The Story of a Merger" covers the period between January 2000 and August 2000. It introduces the key character of the three cases, Anne Wright, the newly appointed Sales Organization President. After describing the business and cultures of the two merging companies, it proceeds by giving an account of the two most emotionally engaging events faced by the protagonist early in her position: her introduction to the acquired company, Stream, and the process of site selection and announcement. The second case, "Building the New Organization" covers the second half of 2000. It describes the painful experience of those remaining with the unsuccessful and closing site and the journey of those moving, temporary, to the winning location. After reviewing the appointment process, it gives an account of how the company brings to life the new values of the merged company. The third case, "Bumpy Road of Transformation" gives an account of the major activities during 2001 and 2002. It opens up by going over the residual frustrations as experienced by middle managers. It then proceeds by giving an overview of the systems and initiatives launched by the global and the UK company to equip the organization to meet the challenges of the future.
In January 2000, two British middle-tier high technology companies, Stream and Line, announce their merger agreement. On 6 May 2000, in a record period of four months one of the biggest high technology companies with a capitalized market value of more than US$84 billion is formally launched on the world stock markets. On August 1st, the company celebrates its launch with world-wide satellite links in the presence of the newly designated CEO, Roger Farrell. This series of three sequential cases recounts the story of the merger from the perspective of one of the business unit, the Sales Organization, in the UK. The first case, "The Story of a Merger" covers the period between January 2000 and August 2000. It introduces the key character of the three cases, Anne Wright, the newly appointed Sales Organization President. After describing the business and cultures of the two merging companies, it proceeds by giving an account of the two most emotionally engaging events faced by the protagonist early in her position: her introduction to the acquired company, Stream, and the process of site selection and announcement. The second case, "Building the New Organization" covers the second half of 2000. It describes the painful experience of those remaining with the unsuccessful and closing site and the journey of those moving, temporary, to the winning location. After reviewing the appointment process, it gives an account of how the company brings to life the new values of the merged company. The third case, "Bumpy Road of Transformation" gives an account of the major activities during 2001 and 2002. It opens up by going over the residual frustrations as experienced by middle managers. It then proceeds by giving an overview of the systems and initiatives launched by the global and the UK company to equip the organization to meet the challenges of the future.