ExxonMobil, the world's fifth largest source of carbon emissions, remained committed to aggressively expanding its oil & gas business despite global warming. During the COVID pandemic this strategy resulted in massive losses as the price and demand for oil declined. In the summer of 2021, a start-up impact investing hedge fund, Engine No. 1, invested $38 million in ExxonMobil stock and mounted a proxy fight to change the company's direction by electing Directors experienced in renewable energy. Over fierce objections by management, Engine No. 1 won 3 board seats. By then, demand for oil had resumed and Exxon's strategy had begun to pay off. The case raises provocative questions about whether maximizing shareholder value required Exxon to use its existing resources to drive short term profits without regard to future consequences and environmental impact or, alternatively, to move beyond its core capabilities into initiatives suited to a low-carbon future. Voted best case by first year MBAs.

In 2017, the International Finance Corporation (IFC) faced the first big investment decision in its new Scaling Solar project. Founded in 1956, IFC was an international investment body with national governments as shareholders, whose mission was to promote economic development. It achieved this primarily through debt financing, which allowed the organization to use covenants to exercise close stewardship of its investments. Beginning in the late 1990s, the organization's mission had evolved to foreground environmental and social sustainability in its development projects. Scaling Solar, launched in collaboration with the World Bank, would be one of IFC's marquis projects in promoting a sustainable energy future. In this case, students will review the history of IFC (a pioneer in the burgeoning field of impact investing), explore the uses of debt as an instrument for development financing, consider how sustainability fits into the impact investing framework, and evaluate a potential new investment in solar power in Zambia.

In 2018, Thailand's Bank of Ayudhya (known as Krungsri), was considering whether to participate in the first issue of a new financial instrument from the International Finance Corporation (IFC), known as a gender bond. Building on the success of the Green Bond program at promoting investment in sustainable businesses, IFC intended the Gender Bond to encourage local banks to lend to woman-owned businesses. IFC was offering Krungsri substantial investment support with the bond, but getting the new instrument past Thai regulators and making sure that the proceeds were used properly presented substantial risk for the bank. Should Krungsri pull the trigger on its first Gender Bond?

In 2017, Darren Walker, the President of the Ford Foundation, one of the largest philanthropic foundations in the world, was preparing to meet with his board of directors to discuss beginning a mission related investments (MRI) program. Walker hoped to devote $1 billion of the Ford Foundation's $13 billion endowment to the MRI program. The case explores the reasoning behind the program, design choices that were made in its development, and potential problems or tradeoffs to implementing such a program.

In 2017, Darren Walker, the President of the Ford Foundation, one of the largest philanthropic foundations in the world, was preparing to meet with his board of directors to discuss beginning a mission related investments (MRI) program. Walker hoped to devote $1 billion of the Ford Foundation's $13 billion endowment to the MRI program. The case explores the reasoning behind the program, design choices that were made in its development, and potential problems or tradeoffs to implementing such a program.