• Highland Malt: Accounting Policy Choices in Financial Statements

    In early 2020, a recent graduate from a prestigious masters of business administration program was working as a financial accountant for a renowned private equity firm in Glasgow, Scotland. For her father's retirement, she was considering a gift from Highland Malt Inc.. The company's Scotch whisky was offered in a limited quantity and promoted as an investment opportunity. Unlike ordinary bottled whiskies, Highland Malt Inc. sold this new line solely by the barrel. Collectors had to pay the full amount of CA$10,000 upfront, but could request a full refund within 180 days if unsatisfied with the product. The refund period allowed the collector to visit the distillery and inspect the purchase to ensure it met all expectations. The accountant was wondering if she should proceed with her plan to buy a barrel of Highland whisky as an investment and collector's item for her father.
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  • Toshiba's Westinghouse Dilemma

    In October 2017, the managing director at Ohtani Capital faced a critical decision-should the company divest its long-term investment in Toshiba Corporation (Toshiba)? Recent events surrounding Toshiba's disagreement with its auditor over how to best report the writedown of its US nuclear power unit (Westinghouse Electric Co. LLC) had negatively impacted the company's profitability and internal management, leading to the company's possible delisting from the Tokyo Stock Exchange. The managing director needed to decide if Toshiba could overcome its difficulties, improve its internal management, and return to profitability, which would then enable the company to secure the necessary emergency funding to survive.
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  • The Ontario Fair Hydro Plan: Rate Regulated Accounting and Public Policy

    This case explores Ontario's Fair Hydro Plan, a 2017 policy of the Government of Ontario that aimed to reduce consumer electricity rates by borrowing to provide subsidies. This borrowing was to be repaid through increased rates levied on future consumers in the province. This policy was accounted for using the principles of rate-regulated accounting. The impetus for these changes was the rapidly rising electricity rates.
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  • Starbucks: Venti Leases

    This case depicts a financial analyst trying to make sense of Starbucks' finances and drawing from recent projects of the IASB and FASB to identify lease accounting as a key issue for the firm. The case underscores the importance of having a full picture of a company's obligations in order to understand its overall performance. In reviewing the case, students examine Starbucks' extensive use of leases and use spreadsheet tools to understand the full extent of the corporation's indebtedness. Although heavy users of leases such as Starbucks have argued that lease accounting is complex, an estimation of lease indebtedness can be made using relatively simple tools that are easy for students to understand. The case allows issues of high-level accounting standards to be elucidated, using a well-known company with which students identify. The case illustrates the real-world consequences of accounting policy choices.
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  • RBI and the Great White North Franchisee Association

    In March 2018, an analyst at an investment management firm in Toronto, Ontario, had to decide whether or not to recommend that his firm establish a position in shares of Restaurant Brands International Inc. (RBI). Formed after the merger of Burger King and Tim Hortons Inc., RBI was led by the private equity firm 3G Capital. RBI was a powerhouse-the third-largest, quick-service restaurant chain in the world. Although RBI was performing well and seemed to present an attractive investment opportunity, the company was facing issues from disgruntled franchisees, who were dissatisfied with the cost-cutting measures implemented at Tim Hortons Inc. as part of 3G Capital's acquisition. This led to class action lawsuits from franchisees as well as a business slow-down, as measured by same-store sales figures. With not much time left, the analyst had to determine and present a decision to the rest of his team on whether or not to invest in RBI.
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  • Politics and the Public Purse: The Government of Ontario versus Public Sector Pension Accounting

    On October 3, 2016, the Government of Ontario released its finance statements for the province without the opinion of Ontario's auditor general. This incident stemmed from a disagreement between the auditor and the government over public-sector pension accounting interpretations, which had the potential to seriously affect the province's budget balance and long-term debt levels. It was uncertain how this disagreement would be resolved. Many members of the media, think tanks, and opposition political parties decried the government for refusing to co-operate with the auditor, while others felt the auditor had gone too far in her interpretation of Public Sector Accounting Standards.
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  • Pricing Police: An Activity-Based Costing Model of Police Services

    On January 17, 2015, the Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) released service cost estimates to all municipalities under its new municipal billing model. The new billing model, according to the recommendations of the auditor general, was designed to provide a more consistent, transparent, and accurate reflection of municipal servicing costs. Several mayors were not entirely sold on the new model and had their own opinion on how each municipality should be billed. Municipal officials needed consistent year-to-year service costs to accurately forecast their annual budgets. The OPP had to demonstrate the merit of the new billing model to ensure its adoption by all municipalities.
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  • Screen Microtech Inc.

    Screen Microtech Inc., a capacitive touch screen manufacturer, had seen significant growth over the past year: it had moved its manufacturing plant, expanded operations, built a larger client base and seen an unprecedented increase in sales. Its chief executive officer was preparing an initial public offering that could lead to a significant bonus and stock shares for himself and for the company's chief financial officer. This could be enough to induce them to secure improved financial results through any means necessary. Certainly, it could bias their approach to accounting policy choices. Was the company's accounting ethical? Did it feature earnings management or earnings manipulation? What was the difference between the two, if any? What was the effect of such accounting practices on the financial markets?
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  • London Water (A)

    In 2013, London Water, the water system of the City of London, Ontario, has run deficits for eight of the past nine years, leading to significant pressure to pull the organization out of the red. The Water Engineering Division manager knows that something needs to change. Overhauling the rate structure is an attractive option; however, myriad political, economic and environmental issues are at play. Moreover, as steward of one of the city's most important utilities, the manager needs to determine the best course of action, ideally a solution that will work in both the short run and the long run.
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  • London Water (B)

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  • Penn West Petroleum Ltd.

    Penn West Petroleum Ltd. (Penn West), a large Canadian oil company, made multiple acquisitions that led to a buildup of goodwill (i.e., the purchase price was higher than the net book value of the acquisitions). When the economic environment worsened, there was concern that this goodwill had been impaired. The concern deepened as economic factors improved but Penn West's stock performance continued to be poor, indicating that the market believed that the company was potentially overvalued. A review of Penn West's accounting practices revealed irregularities, and industry analysts - as well as the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission - began to question the value of the company's goodwill. It was becoming clear that Penn West had been overly optimistic in its forecasts regarding revenue streams from its properties. Would the company be able to move forward? How?
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  • Mystery Corporations Challenge

    The case presents students with common size balance sheets, financial ratios and related financial information. Students are required to correctly identify a series of corporations in distinctive industries based solely on their analysis of this financial data.
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  • BNL Stores

    The case requires students to conduct a financial analysis of BNL Stores, a retail business. Case materials include a multi-year balance sheet, an income statement and statement of cash flows data. Students will prepare and interpret selected ratios, and prepare a basic statement of cash flows.The case entails use of financial statement analysis, balance sheets and income statements to provide a complete picture of an organization's financial health. Data for the case are disguised and are drawn from the published financial statements of a major retailer that went bankrupt. The collapse of companies in similar circumstances influenced the Financial Accounting Standards Board's moves to require a statement of cash flows and was historically significant.
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  • Groupon and the SEC

    Groupon provides an opportunity to review Groupon Inc's S1 filing made prior to an IPO. Groupon's financial statements attracted a great deal of controversy due to revenue recognition policies that produced very substantially higher revenues for the corporation, as well as non GAAP earnings measures, especially ACSOI, an invention of the firm that served to exclude certain marketing expenses from the calculation of profit. Since marketing expenses were a very material expense for Groupon at a stage at which it was building its business the effect of the use of ACSOI was as substantial as the effect of aggressive revenue recognition policies. Groupon backed down on both revenue recognition and the use of ACSOI following SEC queries as to the corporation's accounting policies.
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  • IFRS: Canada's Decision

    The case is based on an interview with Paul Cherry, who as chair of AcSB the Canadian accounting standard setter led a process that brought Canada to adopt international financial reporting standards (IFRS). The case provides rich and in depth examination of the real world considerations that led Canada to adopt IFRS. It offers analysis of the competing alternatives such as U.S. GAAP, describes the consultation process and sets out the thinking that led to Canada deciding to adopt IFRS. The case offers a unique opportunity for students to see a leader in the Canadian accounting profession set out what actually led to adoption of IFRS.
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  • Starbucks: Venti Leases, Student Spreadsheet

    Spreadsheet supplement for case W11988.
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  • AT&T Wireless: Text Messaging

    The case examines AT&T's wireless business with focus on its text messaging services. The industry features a high proportion of fixed costs in relation to acquiring spectrum and building a network. Variable costs are relatively low and, in the case of SMS text messages, are very low. Pricing and margins in text messaging have attracted regulatory scrutiny in the Unites States, Canada and elsewhere. The case requires the use of key concepts in cost behaviour, cost volume profit analysis and product costing to understand the nature of the business and the profit margins involve. Many service or high tech businesses exhibit similar cost behaviours and so the case allows students insight into the management of such enterprises.
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  • London Public Library

    The chief executive officer (CEO) of the London Public Library (LPL) had developed and had begun to implement a strategic plan to improve the LPL. The strategic plan was based on a balanced scorecard. The four perspectives measured by the balanced scorecard were: the community perspective, the internal processes perspective, the organizational readiness perspective and the financial perspective. With two years before the deadline to achieve the plan, the CEO had to decide on what she would focus next.
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