The case follows the debt restructuring of WorldStrides International, a travel program provider in the education market, after the onset of COVID-19. The pandemic severely impacted the travel industry, creating challenges for many companies like WorldStrides, which were highly-levered and whose debt was held by a wide range of institutional investors, including collateralized loan obligations (CLOs). By May 2020, WorldStrides needed to restructure its debt, and there are two proposals that are being circulated, one from the company's private equity sponsor and the other from a hedge fund holding some senior secured debt. This case takes the perspective of York Capital Management, a CLO manager that also holds WorldStrides's senior secured debt. Both existing proposals had aspects that would have put stress on the structure of York's CLOs at the time. This case takes a deep dive into the economics of CLOs and their internal compliance processes. With this information York's CLO team needs to suggest to their lending group whether to accept either proposal, look for other options, or sell the loans at a loss and redeploy the capital. This case can be used as a background for teaching corporate debt securitization, corporate debt restructuring, and the role of creditors that face different institutional constraints.

The case explores whether alternative investments play a unique role in achieving low carbon dioxide emissions at the portfolio level. This case is set in April of 2020 and follows Kasper Ahrndt Lorenzen, Chief Investment Officer, and Peter Tind Larsen, Head of Alternative Investments, at PFA, the largest commercial pension fund in Denmark. PFA had recently seen increased demand from its corporate clients to offer a product with lower carbon dioxide emissions. The case explores PFA's decision to offer a "Climate Plus" product that would aim to produce strong returns and meet ambitious climate-related goals. In the case, the protagonists meet to discuss the role of alternative assets in the product. Importantly, PFA already has a significant presence in the alternative space and, in particular, in private equity and renewable energy. A large fraction of their alternative portfolio is managed in-house. Among other things, PFA is thinking about adding timberland investments as a new asset class to achieve net zero emissions. Lorenzen and Larsen need to determine if they could leverage their existing team and processes to invest in timberland and whether it is the right time to launch a climate-focused product. This case provides a good platform for discussion on direct investing in the alternative space and the role of alternatives for large institutional investors.

After conducting an impressive turnaround in Walmart's subsidiary in Brazil, Private Equity firm Advent International has to decide how to exit this investment: through an IPO or selling the business to Carrefour.

Advent International, one of the world's leading private equity firms, must decide whether to acquire Walmart's subsidiary in Brazil or not. Although Walmart Brazil is losing cash at a rapid pace, Advent thinks it has a solid plan to recover the company's finances. However, there are several execution risks associated with the deal and local analysts are skeptical about the possibility of a quick turnaround.

This case is the first of a two-part series that follows Ramez Sousou and his team at TowerBrook Capital Partners as they face a challenging investment decision in February of 2013. Since its founding, TowerBrook has prided itself on its purpose-driven investing philosophy and responsible ownership practices, seeking to incorporate these ideals in each step of the life cycle of a deal. Thus, the TowerBrook investment process extends beyond financial returns and consideration for the bottom-line. This investment decision was a tough one: some TowerBrook team members were excited about the company's growth potential, while others were concerned about the optics of its social impact. Overall, this case can be used to understand how private equity firms are integrating ESG considerations into their decision-making processes.

This case is the second of a two-part series that follows Ramez Sousou and his team at TowerBrook Capital Partners as they face a challenging investment decision in February of 2013. It is intended to be distributed at the end of the discussion of "TowerBrook: ESG in Action (A)" (HBS No. 221-046). This case describes the outcome of the investment decision and the steps that TowerBrook has taken since 2013 to systematically address ESG considerations across the life cycle of their deals. It also discusses TowerBrook's B Corp certification process.

The case is set in December 2018, when Ziad Oueslati, co-managing director and co-founder of AfricInvest, a leading pan-African private equity firm headquartered in Tunisia, was reflecting on the future direction of his firm. AfricInvest started as a traditional small and mid-cap private equity fund, but over the years had expanded into multiple adjoined investment strategies. At the end of 2018, the team saw an opportunity in the venture capital (VC) space, but while some were adamant about the need to raise a VC fund, others were reluctant to add yet another strategy to AfricInvest's diverse investment strategies. The case presents a detailed insight into AfricInvest's journey from a $10 million Tunisian fund, to becoming a prominent regional player operating throughout the African continent with $1.5 billion of assets under management. Among other issues related to the firm's growth, the case provides insights into the challenges of operating in such a wide and varied geography as the African continent. The case also offers details on their multiple investment strategies, ranging from small-cap SME focused funds, to sector-specific funds, cross-border funds, and private credit. The case explores the synergies and challenges associated with such a wide-reaching investment platform. This is described against the backdrop of the collapse of Abraaj, a leading emerging market private equity firm, in a scandal that shook the investment community in the region. The case also touches upon the role of development finance institutions (DFIs) as investors in emerging markets and the challenges of defining and measuring impact investing. The opportunity of launching a pan-African VC fund in the context of the recent collapse of Abraaj brings to the forefront several strategic questions for AfricInvest's co-founders: Should they keep expanding into new strategies, or would it be better to roll back their existing ones to focus only on their flagship private equity funds?

In the Spring of 2017, Soomin Kim, Founding Partner of Unison Capital Korea, and his team were debating the potential exit of Unison Capital Korea's investment in Gong Cha Korea, the sole local franchisor of the premium milk tea brand that they proprietarily sourced three years ago. Since acquiring Gong Cha Korea in 2014, Unison Capital Korea sought to transform what was an unorganized start-up into an established business by professionalizing its management and operations, expanding into untapped overseas markets, and even acquiring the master franchisor of the Gong Cha global business. In early 2017, however, Gong Cha Korea was showing mixed signals in terms of operational and financial performance when Unison Capital Korea received a soft bid for the company from a potential financial buyer. This bid offered an early exit opportunity at a modest return. Investment Committee members were divided. Several factors concerning value-add initiative were considered in evaluating this decision. What made it more complicated was that Gong Cha Korea was the first and largest deal of Unison Capital Korea. With these strategic considerations in mind, Soomin had to decide which path to take on his firm's biggest deal to date-should he pursue an early exit with modest yet certain returns or risk waiting in hopes of realizing the longer-term full potential of transformation?

This case follows Prakash Melwani (HBS MBA '86), CIO of Blackstone's Private Equity Group, and his teams' investment in the footwear company Crocs. Instead of a traditional secondary offering, Crocs opted for a unique deal structure by taking Blackstone's cash in a private investment in public equity (PIPE) deal. During the Blackstone investment, Melwani and his team drastically reworked Crocs' strategy. The case offers insight into the operational initiatives undertaken to revitalize the Crocs brand.

This case follows Summit Partners, a leading growth equity firm, as it evaluates an investment opportunity in IVC, a veterinary care group in the U.K. market. The case allows students to articulate and evaluate the investment thesis of this transaction. Additionally, it provides insight into the sourcing and due diligence process in the modern growth equity space, as well as details of the financial structure of the investment. In particular, the case provides students with an opportunity to recreate the valuation model, and understand the economics of the preferred equity. The case can be used as a platform to reflect on the value add of growth equity investors and what constitutes as a "propriety" investment in the mature growth equity industry.

This two-part case series follows CSL Capital's 2009 investment in the greenfield manufacturing company, Patriot Proppants. CSL, a recently established investment firm, employs a unique investment model, funding new ("greenfield") energy service businesses that serve Oil & Gas customers in the growing U.S. shale industry. Case (A) offers a perspective on CSL's approach to deploying capital and the intricacies of the decision process as it relates to a potential investment in Patriot. Case (B) is shorter and focuses on an unsolicited offer from a strategic buyer, roughly one year after the initial deal closed. This case offers an opportunity to reflect on investment value-add for CSL, exit strategies, and fundraising issues.

This two-part case series follows CSL Capital's 2009 investment in the greenfield manufacturing company, Patriot Proppants. CSL, a recently established investment firm, employs a unique investment model, funding new ("green field") energy service businesses that serve Oil & Gas customers in the growing U.S. shale industry. This (A) case offers a perspective on CSL's approach to deploying capital and the intricacies of the decision process as it relates to potential investment in Patriot. This case also offers insights into fundraising issues, asset-backed lending, and co-investments. Specifically, in addition to evaluating the investment opportunity, CSL must decide which co-investment partner to take on, should it advance with the investment. Students are presented with an opportunity to closely evaluate the terms of the co-investment proposals, particularly given that they came separately from strategic and financial co-investors with divergent objectives.

The case discusses the strategy of Pantheon, a UK-based fund of funds investing in private equity. Client demands and preferences had changed in the aftermath of the 2008 global financial crisis and Pantheon had to adapt its business model to accommodate requests for new asset classes and customized portfolios. The challenge was to keep an eye on the fee structure, as clients also put pressure on the costs. Pantheon had extended its offer into infrastructure, real assets, and private debt, and had found a way to offer customized portfolio solutions at an acceptable cost level, but the very long-term nature of private asset classes was making it difficult to assess the success of this strategic turnaround.

This case follows Nikos Stathopoulos, Managing Partner of BC Partners, as he and his team evaluate the potential sale of one of BC Partners' portfolio companies, Acuris. Acuris was a global financial intelligence, news, and data company that had been acquired by BC Partners only three years prior. During that time, Stathopoulos and his team had been able to implement a variety of operational improvements and acquisitions which resulted in BC Partners receiving numerous offers for both full and partial sales of the company, at attractive multiples. But the BC Partners team felt there was still more gain to be realized from their value-add initiatives, and there were also several initiatives they had identified but not yet implemented. Stathopoulos had to decide: should they pursue a full sale, partial sale, or no sale at all?

This case follows Kaspi.kz, a private equity (Baring Vostok) co-owned retail bank in Central Asia that evolved into a fintech, payments and e-commerce company. It provides insights into private equity financing, portfolio company management, and initial public offering practices. In particular, the case focuses on (i) the bank's journey from a traditional bank that serviced only corporations to an online platform, and (ii) the timing and process of preparation for an IPO. The management initially concentrated on profitability, but they soon shifted their emphasis to customer experience. The results were rewarding: Kaspi.kz became the number one player in online commerce, online payments, and consumer financing in Kazakhstan. The challenge of the IPO decisions is its timing: communicating the success of the fast transformation of the firm and its potential for further growth, especially in an emerging market like Kazakhstan, was far from trivial. From a business perspective, even a short delay of six months could potentially add millions of dollars to its value. Kaspi.kz's private equity investor was interested in commencing a formal exit via an IPO, but the valuation was an important consideration. The case also provides a unique insight into financial fragility of the retail banking model, and how integration into an e-commerce platform interacts with the retail banking model.

This note explains the rationale and derivation behind "return bridge," a key analytical tool used in the private equity industry to understand sources of value-add. The note elaborates on the advantages and the shortcomings of the return bridge.

This case follows a fictional managing partner of a private equity firm, as she contemplates whether to utilize subscription lines of credit in her firm's funds. Subscription lines are revolving lines of credit secured by commitments from a fund's investors. Private equity firms are increasingly using these lines to boost metrics and profits on their funds, but the benefits to investors are debatable. Because of this, the firm in the case had previously avoided using such lines. However, faced with the growing popularity of the practice in the industry and an increasingly competitive return environment, it is forced to reevaluate this position.