Describes the financing and growth of Infosys, an Indian software start-up. Infosys defies a number of stereotypes about barriers to entrepreneurship in India. The company was founded by a small group of entrepreneurs with little equity and without backing from a large family conglomerate. While Infosys has been very successful recently, there was also a highly uncertain period in the company's history. At the time of the case, Mr. Murthy, Infosys' CEO, and his team once again face important challenges regarding future growth and financing. Infosys' shares trade on the Bombay Stock Exchange. The company must decide whether it should seek to also list its shares on a U.S. stock exchange and, if yes, whether to list on NASDAQ or NYSE.
Silicon Valley start-up Everdream wants to turn the provision of PCs to small business into a turnkey service including excellent 24/7 support. This case explores what this will take by focusing on the question of what, if anything, Everdream can guarantee.
A 23-year-old sales executive for a multinational office furniture and supply company was thinking of leaving the company over a dispute regarding her compensation. A friend had suggested setting up her own business: a recruiting agency. The sales executive had known some human resources managers and office managers throughout the years, however, she also realized that it was a very competitive business and she had no experience. She did some cost analysis and had to decide whether it was worth doing. This case could be used as an introduction to management accounting or entrepreneurial finance.
A 23-year-old sales executive for a multinational office furniture and supply company was thinking of leaving the company over a dispute regarding her compensation. After doing some cost analysis on the feasibility of starting a recruiting agency, the young entrepreneur decided it was worth trying. One year later, the company had experienced a successful and profitable first year. This follow-up to the (A) case, 9A99B033, provides the opportunity to compare estimates with actual financial performance.
Norwest Labs provides agricultural and environmental testing services. While the agricultural market is seasonal and highly sensitive to the weather, the environmental market is relatively stable, as it is primarily developed because of regulatory compliance testing required of its clients. The company's CEO and founder is confronted with serious challenges: a substantial financial loss, cash flow problems, growing competition and a potential regulatory change that would eliminate mandatory testing by its clients. The purpose of the case is to consider whether the conditions and timing are appropriate for introducing employee gain sharing as a means to implement organizational change. Norwest Labs (B) and (C) are also available, cases 9A99C012 and 9A99C013.
A gain sharing plan was introduced at Norwest Labs. However, because of a number of serious problems with its implementation, the plan is being redesigned. While working towards redesigning the plan, the company suffered a financial crisis after losing 20 per cent of its business from the elimination of mandatory environmental testing by its clients. The purpose of the case is to consider whether open book management, which involves the sharing of financial information and forecasts with everyone in the company, would be appropriate to affect behavioral change across the organization. This is a follow-up to Norwest Labs (A), case 9A99C011. A Norwest Labs (C) supplement is also available, case 9A99C013.
Employee and management perceptions of the impact of gain sharing and open book management on behavioral change are provided in this supplement to Norwest Labs (A) and (B), cases 9A99C011 and 9A99C012.
Operations must be seen to be understood, which is why tours of operations are extremely common. Some reasons of why plant tours are valuable are offered in this note, along with a how to guide to gathering, organizing and assessing relevant data. The emphasis is on forming an overall evaluation of the operation's effectiveness.
Rebecca Wilson, a recent policy school graduate, has started an unexpectedly successful small nonprofit to help urban high school students tap the many sources of financial aid for post-secondary education and thus boost their odds of attending college. As she seeks to expand her operation, she needs to reach beyond the network of friends and supporters who bankrolled the start-up. Applying for foundation support requires her to prepare formal financial statements for the first time. It embeds basic accounting in the context of a comprehensible organization, to solidify students' intuition about the function of financial statements, and guides them through the preparation of simple but complete actual and pro forma statements. An Excel spreadsheet paired with the case offers templates that allow students to construct realistic financial statements with very limited preparation and a minimum of computational drudgery. HKS Case Number 1595.0
This is an MIT Sloan Management Review article. Project failure in the information technology area is a costly problem, and troubled projects are not uncommon. Executives become so strongly wedded to a particular project, technology, or process that they persist in committing their companies, continuing to pour in more resources. Escalation of commitment to a failing course of action is particularly common in technologically sophisticated projects with a strong IT component. There is little research on de-escalation, or the process of breaking the cycle of escalating commitment to a failing course of action. Through de-escalation, managers may successfully turn around or sensibly abandon troubled projects. During the past eight years, the authors examined more than 40 cases of IT project escalation. The authors present a process framework for de-escalation. The framework reveals that de-escalation is a four-stage process: problem recognition, re-examination of the prior course of action, the search for an alternative course of action, and implementation of an exit strategy. To show its general applicability, the authors apply the framework to a well-documented case study of de-escalation: the London Stock Exchange's Taurus system. The authors offer a set of recommendations for disengaging from a failing course of action.
Private venture capital casts a long shadow over corporate ventures, in part because they compete for the same entrepreneurial talent. Corporate venturing may improve its performance by emulating certain practices of private venture capital but will never achieve the structures that private venture capital can create. Instead, the design principles for corporate ventures should embrace potential structural advantages of corporate venturing and leverage those advantages. These potential advantages include: an indefinite time horizon, the ability to commit very large sums of capital, the ability to coordinate complementarities with non-tradable corporate assets, and the ability to retain greater group and organizational learning from failed venture experiences. Lucent's New Ventures Group adopts many useful practices of private venture capital, but retains some of the potential structural advantages of venturing within an established firm.
This article examines the current and medium-term future impact of Internet-based sales on the physical retail store format. The web-based retail sector currently has a minimal financial effect on physical-based retail. The evolution of e-retail sales will likely mimic that of the catalogue industry in terms of ultimate market share potential. Certain categories of goods (travel, computers, electronic services, books, toys, and sporting goods) lend themselves more readily to shopping by computer and, therefore, are more susceptible to e-based competition. However, with Internet commerce firm profit forecasts still in the distant future, cutthroat price competition, and distribution and tactility constraints, e-retail will continue to present a relatively minor risk to experience-oriented and non-commodity physical retailers.
This article describes the contrasting systems of coordination and control at American and Southwest Airlines. Contrary to popular belief, the best way to achieve coordination in high velocity settings like the airline industry is not to create a flat organization based on performance measurement and little supervision. Rather it is better to build an organization based on cross-functional accountability to diffuse blame, with adequate supervisory staffing to provide coaching and feedback. Coordination benefits from strengthening this role of supervisors while weakening the role of accountability and performance measurement.
To develop and sustain competitive advantage, companies must begin thinking about strategy in a more integrated way. First, strategies must be comprehensive: they need to have clear direction and a coherent product-market focus, and they must be supported by incisive operating capabilities and resources and robust organization cultures. Second, strategies must align these dimensions and their subcomponents and ensure that each is well adapted to the competitive environment. Third, all of the elements of strategy need to be orchestrated around a powerful core theme. This article shows how managers can develop each of these aspects of strategic integration.
Presents tools for undertaking five core persuasion tasks: 1) mapping the influence landscape, 2) shaping perceptions of interests, 3) shaping perceptions of alternatives, 4) gaining acceptance for tough decisions, and 5) persuading at a distance.
Describes a potential trans-Atlantic merger between two young companies in the Internet space. VacationSpot.com, based in Seattle, and Rent-A-Holiday, based in Brussels, both offer online listings and reservations for independent leisure lodging (i.e., villas, apartments, and bed and breakfast places) around the world. Both companies were started in 1997. At the time of the case (April 1999), the two companies are world-market co-leaders and discussing a merger. While the lodging inventory of both companies is very similar, their most recent post-money valuations have a ratio of approximately 9:1. Merger negotiations have come to a standstill over the valuation issue. Both sides need to decide whether to restart negotiations and what terms to propose.