Walmart miscalculated when it entered China using its "Every Day Low Prices" strategy. It struggled with value proposition, local regulations, staff incentive schemes, logistics, and significant economic and cultural differences between regions. After two decades it developed successful operations in China. With Chinese led disruption labelled as "New retail," that meant full integration between online and offline commerce, Walmart had to ensure its continued success in this new environment.

For the first time since the 2008 financial crisis, Lenovo, the world's largest PC maker, not only fails to increase its revenues and profits, but it has a net loss. Lenovo's market share is still growing, but the PC market itself is shrinking about 5% annually. Lenovo had hoped that the US$2.91 billion acquisition of the Motorola Mobility handset business in 2014 would prove as fruitful as the company's acquisition of IBM's Personal Computing Division a decade earlier. Such hopes proved to be too optimistic, however, as Lenovo faces strong competition in local and international markets. Its position in the Chinese smartphone market dropped from 2nd to 11th between 2014 and 2016, while its worldwide market share shrank from 13% to 4.6%. In 2016, its smartphones group showed an operational loss of US$469 million. At the same time, the global smartphone market quickly lost steam. In response, Lenovo devised a two-pronged strategy of consolidating its core PC business while broadening its product portfolio. The PC group, which focused on desktops, laptops and tablets, aims for improved profitability through market consolidation and product innovation. The smartphones group focuses on positioning the brand, improving margins, streamlining distribution channels and expanding geographical reach. It is not clear, however, how the company could thrive with PCs in decline. Nor is it obvious how it could compete in a tough smartphone market dominated by the international juggernauts Apple and Samsung, and strong local players such as Huawei, Oppo, Vivo and Xiaomi. How could Lenovo best deploy its vast resources?

Starbucks has noted rapid growth in China, targeting 70% growth in three years. Although popular among a Chinese clientele, it is facing a number of internal and external challenges related to the Chinese economic slowdown, and issues associated with the paradox of growth. As a leader in innovation, it has developed and implemented top-notch solutions across domains such as HR, R&D, CRM, design, digital, product development, supply chain, electronic payment, etc., and needs to continue the innovation process to stay ahead of the competition. What can it do to expand and innovate continuously? As growth reduces elasticity, what should it do to retain the flexibility to address market demands and interruptions quickly?

For years, Chinese manufacturers displaced Western companies by offering lower prices. More recently they began to disrupt by challenging existing business models. Displacement was easy to combat by improving processes and lowering costs but fighting disruption required innovation along business models, which entailed transformation of business processes as well as reformulation of value propositions. With iPhone generating about two thirds of its revenue, Apple was trying to boost its service and other product lines. It had also invested in solar powered energy systemsas well as a wind turbine technology in China. The Company also ventured with Didi (the company which outdid Uber in China) to develop self-driving vehicles. Exploring new strategic pastures, however, Apple had to ensure the success of iPhone 8 while further leveraging its platform ecosystem. It was not clear how Apple could reposition itself to sustain the pushback by the Chinese brands while exploring new strategic pastures in light of possible tightening of the Sino-U.S. economic relations.

Entering 2017, Tencent and Facebook are reinventing their business models in areas including social media, e-commerce, fintech, gaming, mobile, IoT and VR, among others. The case illustrates the advantage of platform business models over pipeline models or a traditional product focus. It unveils the power of Chinese accelerated innovation and demystifies so- called Chinese "copycat" culture. It also shows how the two tech giants Facebook and Tencent have applied different business models and acquisition strategies, which to a large extent have been conditioned by social, geopolitical and regulatory issues. In showing that Tencent excels in multiple areas when benchmarked against Facebook, another case objective is to encourage students to challenge widely held beliefs that Chinese companies cannot innovate or are incapable of being global players. The case also reveals challenging aspects of doing Internet business in China, including the country's business culture, as well as the Great Fire Wall and how it boosted the Chinese economy, making it difficult for Western technology firms to enter.

Citibank reshaped considerably its e-business program after the financial crisis of 2008 focusing on leveraging its geographical reach, rolling out global initiatives to maintain its leadership in treasury and trade services, and becoming even more customer-centric. Citi restructured its R&D centers and its marketing strategy to assist customers in finding solutions rather than selling products. Citi's execution was fast-paced, but the landscape for treasury and trade services was changing rapidly after the financial crisis. Multi-banking became a must and a new solution marketed by SWIFT allowed to multi-bank on the internet at low cost and with greater efficiency than previous solutions. While adoption was slow, the change in the competitive landscape was significant. The data of any bank could now be seen and manipulated through the internet portal of any other bank. Internet portals continued to evolve offering new features and functionalities at product level: Citi updated its CitiDirect BE and TreasuryVision platforms to offer what the market asked for. But seamless bank-corporate integration at technology level was not evolving at the same pace. Corporation and bank data exchanges were inefficient, making a number of treasury tasks labor-intensive. Corporations came to prefer multi-banking platforms after the financial crisis, and were demanding automated integration of bank data into their ERPs. An e-business transformation was on the way. Internet banking portals became multi-banking portals, as did proprietary bank-corporate EDI links like CitiConnect. But it was cloud computing that promised the definitive technological solution for the bank-corporate integration model. The ERP vendor SAP was the first to experiment with a private cloud model and allow direct straight-through processing of each financial transaction sent from the ERP directly to bank middleware. Citi was the first bank to sign up with the project, but its competitors followed.

In 2001, Toshiyuki Inoko founded the Japanese digital artist collaborative, teamLab, with an aim to achieve a balance between art, science, technology and creativity by creating original digital designs. This involves the use of extremely sophisticated digital media work which can be presented via computers, high definition monitors, and/or projections, depending on the space available for installation. From a small group of five friends that set up the company in 2001, teamLab has since grown to over 400 employees working on more than one hundred projects at any point in time. teamLab's business model appeared to have successfully harnessed the creativity and expertise of its people to deliver innovative and imaginative products that were becoming increasingly popular in the market. But how could the company ensure that it did not let the excitement and novelty of their products wear off, as it was this uniqueness that provided them with a strong competitive edge? Moreover, with growth and success came a different set of challenges. The team had grown, which meant that collaboration among the team members would have to be managed far more systematically, and processes would need to be implemented to manage the growing business effectively - but this could also potentially impede an intrinsically disorderly creative process. How best could Inoko successfully manage the spectacular growth of his company and the challenges that came with it, while nurturing the creative spark?

T Nexus was incorporated in 2000 and in 2013 became a leader in cloud-based supply-chain management solutions. Born as a technology platform dedicated to the shipping industry and in particular to facilitating supply-chain management for major international carriers, in 2002 GT Nexus became in an SaaS (software as a service) provider, integrating analytics software on its platform. The Global Trade Platform introduced by GT Nexus was a major innovation in the shipping industry: it offered a standardized interface to shippers seeking to book cargo space with major carriers and allowed carriers to manage a far larger customer volume. Over time, the GTN platform became a non-industry specific supply-chain solution, used by some of the largest MNCs (multi-national corporations). GT Nexus expanded its product offering and platform, designing its own software solutions, such as the Trade Solution platform for financing, by partnering with other software companies, such as MicroStrategy and Flagship Custom Service, or by directly acquiring competitors, in the case of Metaship AG in Europe. A final merger with TradeCard in 2013 made GT Nexus the market leader in cloud-based supply-chain management software with over US$100 billion of international trade transactions managed on the platform. After the merger with TradeCard, GT Nexus offered a complete procure-to-pay solution on the cloud, covering every aspect of supply-chain management. The company experienced brisk growth as a pioneer of cloud-computing technology applied to supply chains.

OOCL is one of the world's largest integrated international container transportation, logistics and terminal companies, with a network covering Asia, Europe, North America and Australasia. The company is well respected in the industry with a reputation for providing customer-focused solutions, a quality-through-excellence approach and continual innovation. It has been listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange since 1973. In a volatile industry, it has to compete and form alliances. It has a history of investing widely with variable results.

Within four weeks of becoming the new CEO of Microsoft, Satya Nadella lays out the major challenges that await him in the two letters he sends to everyone at Microsoft. He defines Microsoft's battlefield as the "mobile-first and cloud-first world". That is where Microsoft needs to get its products and technology right, to build platforms and ecosystems and to integrate Nokia devices, services and the new mobile capabilities. In order to do so, Microsoft needs to zero in on "a mobile and cloud-first world and do new things." In his view "...industry does not respect tradition - it only respects innovation". And in order to innovate, he needs his 125,000 strong staff around the world to lead and help drive cultural change, to find Microsoft's swing so that the team is "...in such perfect unison that no single action by any one is out of synch with those of all the others". Many challenges await Microsoft in its transformation journey. On platforms, it is not clear what the future will hold for Windows. On devices, Microsoft needs to find ways to woo application developers to build its mobile ecosystem. On integration, the Company has to find ways to transfer and to grow the mobile capability acquired from Nokia. And most importantly, Nadella must figure out how he can achieve cultural changes to focus everyone on innovation via collaboration.

In 2004 Lenovo announced the decision to buy IBM's personal computer ("PC") business. Most people thought the Chinese company would burn its cash and fail. Lenovo proved them wrong, and by 2010 showed clear growth momentum and steadily increased its market share in the PC industry. In early 2013, Lenovo's successful "protect-and-attack" strategy has forced Dell to trail behind and enables the company to compete head-to-head with Hewlett-Packard to become the world's largest PC vendor. But IBM's leaving the PC industry proves the foresight of the world's oldest technology company. The PC industry is in the midst of a sweeping transformation, which started with the introduction of the iPhone in 2007 and culminated in 2010 with the launch of the iPad. By the end of 2012, over 212 million iPads and other modern tablets had been shipped, while PC shipments had shown continuing decline for four consecutive quarters by the first quarter of 2013. Will the company's "protect-and-attack" strategy still work in an industry in the midst of a structural change? Will it be able to sustain its competitive advantage in the new battlefield? Will the company be able to establish a global brand in the "smart connected devices" market?

IRL develops products that provide fully automatic detection, reporting and prediction of unwanted incidents (e.g., forestry wildfires) and help authorities to manage the critical infrastructure in an efficient and cost-effective way. By 2012, IRL had obtained its first contract from the Guangdong Academy of Forestry; it had also introduced angel investors, and funding was available for expansion. With a strong product for wildfire prevention, IRL wants to move quickly to penetrate into forestry markets, including 10 provinces in the People's Republic of China; Malaysia; Australia; and countries in Africa, the Middle East and South and Central America. For reasons associated with the nature of emerging economies, IRL decides to let local system integrators ("SIs") in each market own and serve the end customers, that is, the local government agencies. To mitigate credit risks, IRL also allows direct procurement of hardware by the SIs from IRL's manufacturer. As the company is considering whether to address the market potential of developed countries, such as Australia, it is pondering whether it should follow the same business approach it has adopted for the emerging economies. In addition, the company has an opportunity to raise up to US$7 million in capital in the near future. IRL has only spent around US$1 million since its inception. Should the company take this opportunity and raise the capital all in one go? What factors should the founders consider before making up their minds about this opportunity? With seven core critical infrastructure sectors that the company might target－including transportation, water resources, power supplies and natural resources mining, agriculture, oil and gas, border security, and critical facilities－IRL sees huge market potential ahead. Facing the happy problem of market potential overwhelmingly disproportionate to its size and resources, what should the company do in the short-, medium- and long-term?

For over 125 years, the Hong Kong Jockey Club (the Club) had been Hong Kong's only organizer of horse races. Although it had made horse race betting a popular game in Hong Kong, its customers were aging. To change this, the Club launched a project to make the game more enjoyable for its customers of the technology-savvy generation. Based on market research and the latest technological developments, the project team set out to develop the world's largest betting entertainment tables. The team aimed to design them in a way that matched the lifestyle of the young and tech-savvy customers, allowing them to enjoy horse race betting in a more intuitive and social way. But this meant major technical and organizational hurdles along the way. Two years after its conception, two tables were launched. The target customers were satisfied with the betting experience, but to what extent would these tables improve the Club's long-term outlook?

Tencent's business development has been nothing short of spectacular given its less-than-two decades of company history. From a handful of tech-oriented entrepreneurs to a Hong Kong-listed company of over 20,000 staff, Tencent's development model was heavily challenged when it launched the e-commerce business in 2006. This case study exemplifies the concept of business models as tools to manage change rather than paradigms for adaptation and imitation.

Samsung Electronics' ambition to go beyond a household brand to become a premium life-style brand through its range of smartphones offers insights into the concept of dynamic capabilities, which drives the management team to stay on course to achieve predictable results. The case illustrates the growth trajectory of a company which has reached a point where growth sustainability becomes a question at the heart of its strategic management.

In this updated case on Wal-Mart, the world's largest retailer, the company remains actively committed to rolling out and refining its Every Day Low Price ("EDLP") strategy across China, while making smaller, yet important strides to be locally relevant to its Chinese consumers. As recently as April 2012, then-CEO Scott Price shared his enthusiasm about Wal-Mart's growth and expansion in China. However, only a few short months later, by mid-summer 2012 (although not captured in this case), the company announced it would cool the rate of its expansions in China. Michael Duke (Wal-Mart's president and CEO) and other company executives cited a persistently hard economic climate in the United States and abroad, difficulty securing real estate on the mainland to allow for better laid-out stores, and a desire to hone its EDLP strategy as the reasons for the apparent pullback. This case uncovers issues that, to some foreign retailers, might be unsolvable, forcing an exit or, as was recently announced, a slow-down. At the same time, the case data suggests that Wal-Mart will do whatever it must to prevail in China, one of the largest markets in the world. Key discussions will emerge on whether or not the sheer tenacity of Wal-Mart to stay and thrive in China will overcome the company's seemingly endless issues with local governments, poorly managed store employees, high turnover and struggles with less-than-ideal store formats. This case is an update of the original case entitled "Wal-Mart in China-Every Day Low Price", published in 2005 by the Asia Case Research Centre. This updated case, in contrast to the original, addresses how Wal-Mart's American model for doing business in China has since broadened into a more culturally sensitive, two-pronged strategy.

In February 2011, Nintendo released the next evolution of the DS line of handheld gaming devices in Japan: the Nintendo 3DS. Despite initial rave reviews of the new device, sales figures were much lower than expected. In July 2011, Nintendo announced that it would reduce the price of 3DS by 30% to boost sales. At the same time, Nintendo president Satoru Iwata declared salary reductions for all of Nintendo's directors, starting with a 50% cut of his own salary. In October 2011, Nintendo predicted that the net loss for the year ending in March 2012 would be US$264 million, a first in the company's 30-year history. Back in 2006, the Nintendo Wii disrupted the video game industry, and in the following years, Nintendo was disrupted by Microsoft with Kinect and by Sony with PlayStation Move as well as by Apple and Google with their game-changing products targeting the mobile industry. It remained unclear how Nintendo could turn around and reclaim the few glorious years after the release of the Nintendo Wii game console and the Nintendo DS handheld game device.

In February 2007, Jonah Nobleza started Marina Gana Vida ("MGV") in the Davao coastal area in the Philippines, which historically had been the home of many subsistence fishermen living in poverty. MGV sold hatchery-bred fry fish seed stocks, fresh fish and packaged fish products produced in its own processing plant. The main social objective of MGV was to help the poor living in the area through job or business opportunities so that some day they could lift their households out of poverty. Since 2009, MGV had been gradually meeting its social, environmental and economic goals. It provided direct and indirect employment to many poor households. Nobleza faced conflicting goals as he tried to scale up MGV's production. Should he replace the women workers with machines that could produce more jars of processed fish products per day? Without a sizable business, he would have trouble proving his successful business model to those who would be willing to provide the much-needed funds to MGV. What could he do to balance his philanthropic and business goals in a social enterprise such as MGV?

Hong Kong Business Intermediary ("HKBI") was Hong Kong's first business brokerage company that specialised in small business sales. Leading the company was Edwin Lee, a young entrepreneur who took his every chance to drive the company to new levels of success. In November 2001, after realising that there were no business brokerage firms in Hong Kong, Lee set up HKBI and started to offer "matchmaking" services for prospective business sellers and buyers. As the company diversified into too many additional services without proper planning, the rising operation cost turned into a cash flow disaster for HKBI in 2005. Lee then restructured his business model into a more systematic and integrated way and successfully turned his company around, earning himself the award of Hong Kong's Innovative Entrepreneur of the Year 2007. HKBI's business model and efforts in promoting entrepreneurship had also received recognition worldwide. Meanwhile, local rivals began to tap into the under-developed sector in Hong Kong, and many of them were former HKBI employees. Lee knew when a blue ocean began to turn red, he needed to continue to reinvent his business to safeguard HKBI's market leader position. He envisioned HKBI to become a small business property developer in the future. How did Lee distinguish HKBI from others by associating the business brokerage operation with the finance, private equity and property markets in an innovative way? How did take it as his employees striking out on their own and becoming his competitors while one the objectives of HKBI was to promote entrepreneurship?

In July 2010, Microsoft, the global leader in software, services, and solutions, announced record revenue of US$62.48 billion for the year ending June 30, 2010, an increase of 7% from the previous year. This came as a relief to investors, given that the previous year had seen the company report its first-ever annual drop in sales. Founded in 1975, Microsoft's software pervaded computers worldwide. The company had traditionally been regarded as being on the cutting edge of software and services. However, for some time-particularly since the middle of the last decade-it had been increasingly criticised for having had the opportunity for massive disruptive potential in the market but repeatedly allowing it to slip away. Its huge employee base of bright and talented engineers had not kept up with the creativity and innovation displayed by its competitors, whether it was Apple's iPod or iPad, Google's search engine, Nintendo's Wii, Amazon's Kindle, or social networking services such as Facebook and Twitter. Despite its undisputed financial success, Microsoft was being described as having become a "clumsy, uncompetitive innovator". In a tangible reflection of this concern, on 26 May 2010, Microsoft's position as the technology industry's most valuable player was overtaken for the first time in many years, when Apple exceeded the company's US$219.2 billion market capitalisation by almost US$3 billion. Then on 4 October 2010, Goldman Sachs downgraded Microsoft's stock, which it had supported since the company's initial public offering in 1986. Why was Microsoft no longer creating the truly disruptive and breakthrough technological products and services that the company used to pride itself on? How could the company once again regain its position as the powerhouse of technology innovation?